WELCOME TO SDM MEDICAL COLLEGE

DHARWAD

11/27/2014

HEARTY WELCOME TO MY BELOVED

TEACHERS TO SUBJECT SEMINAR

11/27/2014

SUBJECT SEMINAR
EVOLUTION OF KIDNEY

Dr. Suresh. Managutti.

1st year PG in Anatomy
SDM COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND
HOSPITAL DHARWAD
11/27/2014

EXCRETION

The inevitable consequence of metabolic

processes characterizing living creatures is
that various byproducts are formed in the
body that must be got rid of for the reason
that they not only are useless to the
organism but may become decidedly
harmful if retained.
The substances eliminated by excretion
may be in the form of gases, solids or
liquids.
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Excretory organs are

1) kidney-liquid wastes
2) lung- gases
3) skin-liquids (sweating)
4) ? GIT
Kidneys are considered as the Major
excretory organs.
As a matter of fact liquid, or water in
various forms is disposed of in the animal
organism through several different
channels.
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KIDNEYS

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 It is thrown off from the lungs and the

sweating skin of mammals as vapor;
From the digestive tract as the fluid
component of the feces;
And above all from the kidneys as urine.
Waste products come to the kidneys
from the blood, charged with salts in
solution, both organic and inorganic
together with other chemicals.
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 Probably the simplest urinary apparatus

of excretion is the contractile vacuole in
protozoans.
Contractile vacuole expels its liquid
contents, accumulated from the
surrounding substance of the cell to the
outside.
In the bloodless flatworms (planarians)
excretion is accomplished through a
system of branching ducts.
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CONTRACTILE VACUOLE

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 These branching ducts ramify throughout

the body and join before emptying their
excretory contents to the outside.
The numerous extreme tips of this hollow
branching system end blindly in swollen
knobs, called flame cells.
Because in the cavity within them there is a
tuft of cilia whose flame like flickering
motion forwards the collected waste liquid
on its outward way from the surrounding
tissues.
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FLAME CELLS ---- NEPHRIDIUM

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 In animals having a body cavity, drainage

tubes, or nephridia, are introduced
connecting the cavity with the outside.
When nephridia occur in invertebrates
they are typically paired and independent
of each other.
But in vertebrates they are more or less
massed together into definite organs of
excretion, known as kidneys.
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 Primarily nephridia open at one end into the

body cavity and at the other, either
independently or indirectly, through a
common connecting duct to the outside.
This furnishes a means of escape for the
coelomic fluid in the body cavity, which
receives contributions by way of the blood
from all parts of the body.
Such an arrangement is of particular
significance in many invertebrates, e.g. annelid
worms, although decreasing in importance
among vertebrates.
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 On account of the lessening usefulness of

the coelomic fluid in the absence of an open
blood system, and the elaboration of a
closed blood system,
The liquid wastes of vertebrates are
collected directly by the blood stream
rather than after finding temporary
sanctuary in the coeloem.

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 VERTEBRATE KIDNEYS (NEPHROI) AND

THEIR DUCTS:
The vertebrate kidney appears to have been
designed primitively as a water eliminating
mechanism.
Fishes and amphibians living in fresh water
swallow or absorb much fluid which tends to
dilute the salts of protoplasm.
Without a water eliminating mechanism,
therefore the first vertebrates could not have
existed in the fresh water which was their
environment.
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 The kidneys constituted such a mechanism,

removing excess water from the blood stream as
rapidly as it accumulated therein.
When ancestral fishes were later adapting to salt
water, they were faced with a different water-salt
problem.
Instead of accumulating too much water, they
tended to accumulate more salt than protoplasm
could assimilate.
The problem then became one of conserving
water and eliminating salts.
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 Structural modifications in the nephroi were

perfected (through mutations) by which some
water was conserved.
And mechanisms appeared elsewhere on the
body for salt excretion.
Vertebrate life in the salty seas was thus
rendered possible.
The nephroi of modern fresh and salt- water
fishes are chiefly water- eliminating
mechanisms .
Salts and nitrogenous wastes are excreted
chiefly through salt secreting cells on the gills
and elsewhere.
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 The nephroi of terrestrial vertebrates too are

water- eliminating mechanisms.
In addition, they have achieved the ability to
eliminate salts and nitrogenous wastes.
Kidneys thus play a vital role in homeostasis
KIDNEYS- 1) Forms:
With respect to the shape of the paired kidneys
the evolutionary tendency is towards
compactness.
And consequently there is a certain parallel
between their form and the general contour of
the body.
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 The kidneys of the primitive eel- like

cyclostomes are long strap like bands,
While in fishes generally kidneys extend not
only throughout the length of the body
cavity but also they may penetrate even
beyond into the tail musculature.
The typical shape of the kidneys of fishes is
modified to conform to the swim bladder,
which in fishes is a bedfellow of these
organs.
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KIDNEYS OF FISH

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FROG KIDNEYS

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KIDNEYS OF FROG

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 Among amphibians the worm like

Gymnophiona and the long-bodied
urodeles have correspondingly elongated
kidneys, narrower anteriorly, and widening
posteriorly.
While in the squat anurans these organs
become much more compact and rounded
in shape.
Although lizards and alligators somewhat
resemble urodeles superficially, the relation
between the shape of the kidneys and the
form of the body is less marked.
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Chameleon kidneys

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 The kidneys, however, are still somewhat

elongated .
But in turtles kidneys become decidedly
compact, conforming to the rigid
requirements of space imposed by the
shell.
The opposite extreme is shown by snakes
that have the kidneys not only attenuated
like the body but also entirely crowded out
of the typical side by side position, so that
they lie tandem fashion one behind the
other.
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KIDNEYS OF TURTLE AND TORTOISE

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RED BOA SNAKE KIDNEYS

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 The concavities of the elaborate pelvis of

birds, in which the kidneys are for the most
part packed, form a restricting bony casket
that determines their lobulated form.
The highest degree of compactness is found
among mammals.
The bear,ox,seal,walrus,and porpoise have
lobed kidneys, a condition appearing also
in human embryos but which becomes
obliterated after birth.
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WALRUS- LOBULATED KIDNEYS

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 Fusion of the two kidneys occurs frequently

in fishes, and in some lizards, at least at the
posterior end, as well as in many birds.
Posterior fusion of the kidneys may
exceptionally appear even in man, when a
so called horseshoe kidney results.
If for any reason one of two kidneys is put
out of commission, the other usually
enlarges into a compensating kidney
taking over the work of its incapacitated
mate in addition to its own.
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 2) position:
The kidneys are closely associated with the dorsal
wall of the body cavity where they lie outside of the
peritoneum.
In fishes and birds kidneys fit with intimate snugness
along either side of the backbone.
But in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals kidneys
are less closely attached to the body wall,
sometimes projecting into the body cavity.
In all of these classes the kidneys are usually
retroperitoneal , (behind the peritoneum) although
in some mammals they may even hang free,
enclosed in a peritoneal envelope which entirely
surrounds them.
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 symmetry of position is quite fixed in birds

whose kidneys are rigidly held side by side in
depressions of the pelvis.
But it is less apparent in mammals where, being
less restricted, one kidney is usually not exactly
opposite the other.
The left kidney in man is ordinarily situated at a
somewhat higher level than the right, although
many exceptions to this arrangement have been
observed.
Each human kidney weighs about 4 ounces,
and in its 3 dimensions measures slightly more
than 4x2x1 inches.
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Kidney of elephant

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 It is shaped like a kidney bean, with a convex

lateral and a concave medial margin.
The depression of the concave margin is the
hilus , where the renal artery and the nerves
enter and the renal vein and ureter make their
exit.
THE BASIC PLAN OF KIDNEY STRUCTURE
All nephroi, no matter how simple or complex,
are built in accordance with an architectural plan
involving three basic components.
They are glomeruli, tubules, and a pair of
longitudinal ducts.
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BASIC PLAN OF KIDNEY STRUCTURE

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 Variations in the nephroi of different vertebrates

are attributable to variations in number,
complexity, arrangement, and location of the
glomeruli and tubules.
Kidney glomeruli are microscopic tufts of
capillaries which eliminate certain wastes from
the blood stream.
The glomeruli arise directly or indirectly from
segmental branches of the dorsal aorta.
Arterioles emerging from the glomeruli may next
pass into capillary beds entwined about the
kidney tubules.
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 From the capillary beds emerge venules which,

uniting with others, pass as directly as possible to
either the postcardinal or postcaval veins.
The glomeruli are thus interposed between the
dorsal aorta and the chief systemic veins of the
trunk.
When renal portal veins are present, the capillaries
surrounding the kidney tubules, but not those of
the glomerulus,receive blood from the renal portal
system.
Kidney tubules are more or less convoluted
microscopic ductules which collect fluid from the
glomeruli & lead to one of the longitudinal ducts.
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 When glomeruli are few in number , as in lower

fishes, tubules are likewise few.
When glomeruli are very numerous, as in higher
vertebrates , tubules are numerous.
When the glomeruli are suspended within the
coelomic cavity, as in lower vertebrates, the
tubules have a ciliated funnel- like coelomic
opening (nephrostome) through which the fluids
are collected.
Otherwise each glomerulus is surrounded by,
and secretes into, the expanded blind end of a
tubule.
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 Kidney tubules arise in all vertebrates from the

intermediate mesoderm (mesomere), a ribbon of
nephrogenic tissue extending the length of the
trunk and lying between the dorsal and lateral
mesoderm of the developing embryo.
The entire ribbon of intermediate mesoderm
produces kidney tubules sequentially, commencing
at the anterior end , with new tubules being added
more and more caudad as the trunk elongates.
The anterior tubules are always segmental
(metameric), one tubule developing in the
intermediate mesoderm opposite each
mesodermal somite.
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NEPHROGENIC MESODERM

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 As additional tubules are added, the later ones

crowd one another and multiply, thereby
obscuring , then obliterating the metamerism,
except at the anterior end of the series .
The segmentally arranged anterior tubules
usually disappear even before the caudal most
ones have developed.
The adult kidney of most vertebrates therefore
contains no hint that the kidney was during early
development a metameric organ.
In a few of the simplest fishes the anterior
segmentally arranged tubules are the only ones
to function in adults.
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PRONEPHROS, MESONEPHROS AND METANEPHROS

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 Such a kidney is metameric and is limited to the

anterior end of the trunk.
In most fishes and amphibians the tubules (hence
the kidneys) occur along a considerable extent of the
trunk and, in some cases, even extend into the tail.
In amniotes a large number of kidney tubules
disappear from the cranial end of the series during
later development, and only the more posterior
tubules remain.
The paired longitudinal kidney ducts (left and right)
collect the fluids from all the tubules and conduct
them caudad, emptying into the cloaca(most
vertebrates) or into a derivative thereof(mammals)
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 For purposes of classification, kidneys have been

grouped into three chief types, pronephroi,
mesonephroi, and metanephroi, according to
whether the kidney is primarily a product of the
anterior , intermediate, or caudal portion of the
nephrogenic mesoderm.
Archinephros : Comparative anatomy and
embryology suggest that the first vertebrate
kidneys extended the entire length of the
intermediate mesoderm.
And that all the adult tubules were segmentally
disposed, each exhibiting a nephrostome.
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 Through this opening they collected fluids

eliminated from glomeruli suspended segmentally
into the coelomic cavity.
A hypothetical kidney of this type is known as an
archinephros (archi, first; nephros, kidney).
From such a precursor may have arisen the more
complex kidneys of later vertebrates.
Embryonic hag fishes exhibit an archinephric like
kidney.
As development progresses, however, the tubules
caudal to the anterior end of the series lose their
connections with the archinephric duct, and become
functionless.
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POSITION OF PRONEPHROS, MESONEPHROS

AND METANEPHROS

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PRONEPHROS
The very first kidney tubules in the
embryos of all vertebrates arise from the
anterior end of the intermediate
mesoderm and are called pronephric
tubules.
They are segmentally arranged, one
opposite each of the more anterior
mesodermal somites, and exhibit few
convolutions.
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PRONEPHROS

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PRONEPHRIC KIDNEY OF TADPOLE

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NEPHRIC TUBULES

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 Each tubule arises as a solid bud of cells

which later organize a lumen and a ciliated
nephrostome.
The glomerulus may be suspended into the
coelomic cavity near the nephrostome, or it
may lie in the wall of the tubule.
Sometimes, two glomeruli develop for each
tubule, one (the external glomerulus) being
suspended in the coelom, the other
(internal glomerulus) lying in the wall of
the tubule.
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 The number of pairs of pronephric tubules

is never large ( 13 in lampreys, 4 in sharks, 7
in the 3-mm. human embryo at the third
week of embryonic life).
The pronephric tubules are the only ones
to function in adult hagfishes and in an
occasional teleost;
Hence the functional portion of the kidneys
of these forms is confined to the anterior
end of the trunk just behind the head.
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 Such a kidney is called a head kidney, or

pronephros .
There are so few tubules in the pronephric
kidney that they do not form a discrete organ
bulging into the coelom and identifiable to the
naked eye.
Instead, the kidney is diffuse and embedded in
the dorsal body wall.
Although pronephric kidneys are found in
adults only among hagfishes and an occasional
teleost, they appear transitorily in all higher
vertebrate embryos.
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 They function in immature fishes and in

larval amphibians until the more caudal
tubules are prepared to take over.
There is some doubt whether they function
in frog tadpoles .
Then the pronephric portion of the kidney
commences to disappear.
Pronephric tubules develop in amniotes at
a very early stage but disappear before
attaining a functional state.
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 The successive pronephric tubules on each

side of the body connect with a longitudinal
pronephric duct which passes caudad to
empty into the cloaca.
MESONEPHROS : The mesonephros
organizes caudal to the pronephros.
Although the first few mesonephric tubules
tend to be segmentally disposed,
proliferation of many such tubules in each
body segment eventually obliterates all
metamerism.
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 The mesonephros thus becomes a bulky,

elongated organ lying against the dorsal
body wall just behind the peritoneum and
often bulging into the coelom.
In the shark and many other fishes it
extends a considerable distance along the
trunk and may even pass into the base of
the tail.
In tailed amphibians it is little longer than in
frogs.
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ONTOGENY REPEATS
PHYLOGENY
IS TRUE IN
DEVELOPMENT OF
KIDNEY
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 Since some of the more anterior

mesonephric tubules in males become
modified to connect with the testis and
transform sperm to the mesonephric duct,
The cephalic end of the mesonephros in
male fishes and urodeles may extend
farther forward than in females.
Mesonephric tubules are much more
numerous than pronephric ones and
somewhat more complex.
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 The anterior most mesonephric tubules

may be structurally identical with the last of
the pronephric series.
Nephrostomes may be retained throughout
life in fishes and amphibians, especially
anteriorly,
and they are prominent in the embryonic
mesonephric kidney in reptiles, but in birds
and mammals they appear transitorily or
not at all.
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 External glomeruli are of no use to tubules

lacking a nephrostome;
Hence the glomeruli of mesonephroi are of
the internal type, surrounded by an
expanded and invaginated blind sac
(Bowmans capsule) at the proximal end of
the tubule.
A glomerulus with its associated Bowmans
capsule is called a Malphigian corpuscle.
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 The mesonephric tubule emerges from the

base of a corpuscle and then exhibits
characteristic convolutions which vary with the
species.
Distally the tubule opens into the mesonephric
duct, or unites with other tubules to form
accessory mesonephric ducts.
In many marine teleosts, glomeruli are absent.
This mutation conserves water to
counterbalance the high salt intake.
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 Such a mesonephros is said to be an

aglomerular kidney.
Some fluid is transferred to the
mesonephric tubules from the capillary
beds surrounding the convoluted portion
of the tubules.
The mesonephros is the functional kidney
of adult fishes (except those with a
pronephros) and of amphibians.
It is also a conspicuous functional organ
during embryonic life in amniotes.
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 The mesonephric kidney remains for a short

time after birth in reptiles, monotremes and
marsupials, and as late as the first hibernation
in some lizards.
It is a bulky organ in human foetus at the end of
the second month of intrauterine life.
When the metanephros of amniotes is fully
developed, the mesonephros undergoes rapid
involution , and only traces of it remains in
adults.
The mesonephros is also known as the wolffian
body, and its duct is the mesonephric, or
wolffian duct.
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PRONEPHRIC AND MESONEPHRIC

DUCTS
The pronephric and mesonephric ducts
arise embryonically as follows:
Each pronephric tubule elongates laterally
as development progresses, and the
growing distal tip turns caudad to connect
with the tip of the next tubule.
There is thus formed the beginning of a
longitudinal duct which eventually
establishes a connection with the cloaca.
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PRONEPHRIC AND MESONEPHRIC DUCTS

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 The resulting pronephric duct is the first

kidney duct of all vertebrates, and the adult
duct of those which exhibit a functional
pronephric kidney throughout life.
When mesonephric tubules organize caudal
to the pronephros, they too establish a
connection with the pronephric duct.
Although the pronephric tubules soon
disappear, the pronephric duct continues to
serve the mesonephric kidney.
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 Thereafter it is known as the mesonephric,

or wolffian, duct.
Mesonephric duct may serve throughout
life as the functional duct of the
mesonephros.
The mesonephric duct may lie along the
lateral edge of the kidney (frogs) or along
the ventral aspect as a coiled tube(male
dogfish), or it may be embedded within the
substance of the kidney(female dogfish).
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 The caudal ends of the mesonephric ducts

may enlarge to form seminal vesicles for
temporary storage of sperm, and bladders
for storage of urine.
In some fishes the two ducts unite at their
caudal ends before entering the cloaca,
forming a small urinary sinus (female) or
urogenital sinus(male) within a papilla.
The papilla may open into the cloaca or
directly outside.
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 In some fishes and urodeles the

mesonephric tubules drain into accessory
urinary ducts which pass caudad for
considerable distances.
When accessory urinary ducts are large or
numerous, the mesonephric duct may be
more concerned with transport of sperm
than urine.
Reptiles, birds, and mammals sprout a new
kidney duct in conjunction with the
development of a newer (metanephric )
kidney.
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 When the metanephros takes over, the

mesonephros degenerates , and
mesonephric ducts disappear except for
remnants in females.
But the ducts remain in male amniotes as
sperm ducts draining the testes.

Mesonephric remnants in adult

amniotes : Remnants of the mesonephroi
may remain in amniotes of both sexes after
the mesonephroi disappear.
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 In mammals the remnants consist of groups of

blind tubules known as the paradidymis, and
the appendix of the epididymis, located near
the epididymis of males.
And as the epoopheron and paroopheron near
the ovary (oopheron) of females.
The mesonephric duct remains as the sperm
duct in male amniotes, but atrophies except
for remnants in females.
Chief remnants are the short, blind Gartners
ducts (ducts of the epoopheron) coursing along
the wall of the uterus and vagina.
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METANEPHROS AND METANEPHRIC DUCT

The tubules of the metanephros, or amniote
kidney, develop from the intermediate
mesoderm immediately caudal to the
mesonephric portion.
In fishes and amphibians, this caudalmost
portion may be included in the mesonephros.
For this reason some investigators prefer to
call the kidney of adult fishes and amphibians
an opisthonephros, reserving the
mesonephros for the embryonic kidney of
amniotes.
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PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATE KIDNEY AND METANEPHROS

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 The tubules are in every respect

homologous with the pronephric and
mesonephric tubules, but are more
complex, exhibiting characteristic
convolutions.
The glomerulus is encapsulated within a
Bowmans capsule, and no nephrostome is
present.
The chief distinction between mesonephric
and metanephric kidneys is one of location,
the metanephric kidney being farther
forward and somewhat more laterad.
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RENAL CORPUSCLE-PAS STAIN

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 The metanephric kidney arises initially as

an anteriorly directed bud off the caudal
end of the embryonic mesonephric duct.
Surrounding the distal tip of the
metanephric bud is the caudal end of the
intermediate mesoderm from which will
organize the metanephric tubules.
The metanephric bud pushes cephalad and
in doing so carries along the intermediate
mesoderm as a cap.
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METANEPHRIC BUD

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 The caudal end of the intermediate

mesoderm is thus displaced cephalad from
its original site.
The proximal portion of the metanephric
bud becomes the metanephric duct
(ureter).
The dilated distal tip becomes the pelvis of
the kidney.
Many fingerlike outgrowths of the pelvis
invade the nephrogenic mesoderm to
become collecting tubules.
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 Meanwhile the cap like nephrogenic

mesoderm organizes innumerable
metanephric tubules.
Each metanephric tubule grows toward and
finally connects with one of the collecting
tubules.
When all metanephric tubules have
effected such connections, the two kidneys
and their ducts are ready to function.
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 The ureters, because of their embryonic

origin as buds off the mesonephric ducts, at
first terminate in MN duct;
but, as a result of further differential
growth, they finally empty independently
into the cloaca (reptiles, birds,monotremes)
or into the urinary bladder(placental
mammals)
In a few male reptiles, however, the ureters
continue to be confluent at their caudal
ends with the persistent mesonephric ducts
which carry sperm.
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Gross Structure of the Amniote

Kidney
The kidneys of reptiles, birds, and
numerous mammals (proboscideans,
cetaceans, some carnivores, others) are
lobulated.
Each lobe consisting of clusters of many
tubules emptying by collecting tubules into
the ureter.
Lobulation also occurs in human infants
but later disappears.
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 In most adult mammals the surface of the

kidney is smooth, and the outline is roughly
bean- shaped.
At the notched medial aspect (hilum) the
renal artery, renal vein, nerves, and ureter
enter or leave.
The kidneys of most amniotes are relatively
far caudad in the trunk.
In snakes and legless lizards, however the
kidneys are elongated to conform to the
slender body.
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 The kidneys of birds are flattened against

the internal aspect of the sacrum and ilium,
fitting snugly against the inner contours of
those bones.
In all vertebrates the kidneys are
retroperitoneal, though they may bulge
considerably into the coelom.
The internal appearance of the mammalian
kidney is different from that of reptiles and
birds.
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 Because the hundreds of thousands of

malpighian corpuscles are concentrated at
the periphery of the organ.
A frontal section will reveal this outer zone
(cortex).
The deeper zone of kidney tissue(medulla)
is composed of more or less discrete conical
lobes (pyramids) varying in number with
the species and tapering to a blunt apex
(renal papilla) projecting into the renal
pelvis.
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MAJOR STRUCTURES OF KIDNEY IN CORTEX AND

MEDULLA

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 The pyramids appear radially striated in

frontal section because of the presence of
the relatively straight collecting tubules and
the descending and ascending arms of the
loops of Henle.
The collecting tubules receive a relatively
small number of metanephric tubules and
then pass toward the renal pelvis, emptying
into renal pelvis at the tips of the renal
papillae.
Between the pyramids are outpocketings
(calyces) of the renal pelvis.
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 The blood supply to the mammalian kidney

is via a renal artery which often bifurcates
before reaching the hilum.
Upon entering the kidney, the artery divides
into numerous branches which pass
between the pyramids radially toward the
cortex as interlobar arteries.
At the level of the cortex interlobar arteries
give off smaller arcuate arteries which arch
along the inner margin of the cortex parallel
to the surface of the kidney.
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 From the arcuates arise many small

interlobular arteries which in turn supply
afferent glomerular arterioles terminating
in glomeruli
There are about 10,00,000 glomeruli in
man.
Emerging from each glomerulus is an
efferent glomerular arteriole which leads to
a capillary bed surrounding the tubule.
Emerging from the capillaries are veins
corresponding to the arterial branches.
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 The veins converge on the renal vein which

emerges from the hilum and empties into
the postcava.

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ASCENT OF KIDNEYS

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MOLECULAR REGULATION OF THE KIDNEYS

Differentiation of the metanephric kidney
involves an interaction between the
epithelium of the ureteric bud and the
mesenchyme of the metanephric blastema.
1. The ureteric buds secrete proteins FGF2 and
BMP7,which induce and stimulate
proliferation of the metanephric mesenchyme
2.In turn, the mesenchyme produces proteins
like glial derived neurotrophic factors(GDNF)
and hepatocyte growth factor(HGF).
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 These proteins stimulate branching and

growth of the ureteric bud by activating
the tyrosine kinase receptors, which are
synthesized by the epithelium of the
ureteric bud.
3. Regulatory genes of the ureteric bud ,
involving PAX2 and WNT4, also mediate
conversion of the mesenchyme to an
epithelium for nephron formation
through :
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The secretion of cell adhesion molecules

Syndecan and E- cadherin.
The production of laminin and type IV
collagen, which are characteristic of epithelial
basal lamina.

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URINARY BLADDERS
Most vertebrates ,except a few fishes,
snakes, crocodilians, and birds, have a
urinary bladder.
The bladders of most fishes are terminal
enlargements of the mesonephric ducts
known as tubal bladders.
Many teleosts have tubal bladders, which
arise partly as evaginations from the
cloaca.
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 The bladders of dipnoans are derivatives of the

dorsal wall of the cloaca, and those of
tetrapods are derivatives of the ventral cloacal
wall.
In amphibians the proctodeal ectoderm
contributes extensively to the cloaca, and the
urinary bladder is an ectodermal derivative.
In reptiles and mammals the bladder
evaginates from the endodermal part of the
cloaca,
and the evagination is prolonged beyond the
ventral body wall of the embryo as the
allantois.
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 Because of the importance of the allantois

during embryonic development, the
bladder is usually described as developing
in the base of the allantois.
Turtles and most lizards have large bladders
, and turtles have two accessory bladders as
well.
The accessory bladders are used as
accessory respiratory organs or for carrying
water for moistening the soil when building
a nest for the eggs.
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 In amphibians, and reptiles the urine backs

up into the bladder, since the urinary ducts
empty into the cloaca.
In mammals the ducts (ureters) empty
directly into the bladder.
Bladder is drained by the urethra.
The distal end of the allantois remains in
mammals as a middle (median) umbilical
ligament(urachus) connecting the tip of the
bladder with the umbilicus.
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 The urachus lies in the free border of the

ventral mesentery of the bladder(median
umbilical fold) along with remnants of the
obliterated arteries(medial umbilical
ligaments).

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DIVISION OF HINDGUT URINARY AND ENTRIC

PARTS

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DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF KIDNEY

According to number
Agenesis of kidney--failure of
development of ureteric bud.
Multiple kidneys--this is due to early
splitting of the ureteric bud.
According to position
Pelvic kidney--this takes place when the
kidney fails to ascend.
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IVP-DUPLEX URETER AND URETEROCELE

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Unilateral kidneys of dog chicken

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 The commonest cause of this is a sickleshaped fold of peritoneum which projects

from the lateral pelvic wall containing
umbilical artery.
Fused kidney-one kidney may be displaced
from its own side and fuses with the other
kidney.
According to size: lobulated kidney may
persist in adult life, and assumes a larger
size than the normal kidney.
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ABNORMAL ROTATION OF KIDNEY

(a) Non-rotation: The hilum is directed
forwards.
(b) Incomplete rotation: The hilum is
directed anteromedially.
(c) Reverse rotation : The hilum is
directed anterolaterally.

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 According to shape
Horse-shoe kidney- sometimes lower poles
of both kidneys are united by an isthmus of
kidney tissue.
Aorta and inferior vena cava lie behind the
isthmus, where as the uterus usually pass in
front of the isthmus.
A horse- shoe kidney lies at a lower level
than the normal kidney, because its ascent is
arrested by the inferior mesenteric artery.
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HORSE-SHOE SHAPED KIDNEY

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HORSE SHOE KIDNEY AND URETER VARIATIONS

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KIDNEY ASCENT ANOMALIES

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 Disc kidney- this takes place when both

kidneys are fused entirely across the
midline, but the ureters descend to the
respective side.
A centrally placed hilum lies on the
posterior surface of the kidney.
Polycystic kidney : sometimes the
secreting and collecting tubules fail to
negotiate, and the kidney is riddled with
numerous cysts.
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POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY

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INFANTILE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY

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 This is the commonest of all anomalies,

and the condition is usually bilateral.
Fairly recently, it has been proved
convincingly that such cyst formation
takes place due to abnormal dilatation of
the different parts of uriniferous tubules.

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RENAL ECTOPIA

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 Accessory renal artery :

Accessory renal artery is observed in about
30% individuals.
Sometimes the lower pole of kidney is
supplied by an accessory artery, which
arises from the aorta and usually passes in
front of the ureter.
The artery may cause obstruction to the
flow of urine producing hydronephrosis.
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ACCESSORY RENAL ARTERIES

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IVU SHOWING FLOATING KIDNEYS

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 In such condition upper pole of kidney

may be tilted downwards producing
twisting of the renal vessels and pelvis of
the ureter.
This is associated with anuria and severe
pain in the loin.
The phenomenon is known as Dietls
crisis.

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A teacher,
Takes a hand
Opens a mind
Touches a heart.
Teachers plant
Seeds of knowledge
That grow
Forever .
THANK YOU TEACHERS .
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