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    Underwater Tunneling

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    rahuldasbi
    Arijit Ghosh presented on underwater tunneling techniques at the University Institute of Technology in B.U. The presentation defined tunnels and classified underwater tunnels as bored, submerged floating, or immersed tube. It discussed advantages such as allowing shipping passage compared to bridges, and advantages over ferry links like faster travel times. Challenges with tunnels included high construction costs, specialized equipment needs, and longer construction times than other methods. Notable examples of underwater tunnels from around the world were also listed.

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    Underwater Tunneling

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    rahuldasbi
    1K views19 pages
    Arijit Ghosh presented on underwater tunneling techniques at the University Institute of Technology in B.U. The presentation defined tunnels and classified underwater tunnels as bored, submerged floating, or immersed tube. It discussed advantages such as allowing shipping passage compared to bridges, and advantages over ferry links like faster travel times. Challenges with tunnels included high construction costs, specialized equipment needs, and longer construction times than other methods. Notable examples of underwater tunnels from around the world were also listed.

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    Underwater tunneling work

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    Arijit Ghosh presented on underwater tunneling techniques at the University Institute of Technology in B.U. The presentation defined tunnels and classified underwater tunnels as bored, submerged floating, or immersed tube. It discussed advantages such as allowing shipping passage compared to bridges, and advantages over ferry links like faster travel times. Challenges with tunnels included high construction costs, specialized equipment needs, and longer construction times than other methods. Notable examples of underwater tunnels from around the world were also listed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views19 pages

    Underwater Tunneling

    Uploaded by

    rahuldasbi
    Arijit Ghosh presented on underwater tunneling techniques at the University Institute of Technology in B.U. The presentation defined tunnels and classified underwater tunnels as bored, submerged floating, or immersed tube. It discussed advantages such as allowing shipping passage compared to bridges, and advantages over ferry links like faster travel times. Challenges with tunnels included high construction costs, specialized equipment needs, and longer construction times than other methods. Notable examples of underwater tunnels from around the world were also listed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Seminar on

    Underwater tunneling
    N A M E: AR IJ IT G H O S H
    R O L L N O : 2 0 1 0 5 053

    G U ID ED BY : M R . SAN TO SH KU MAR D AS
    U N IVER SIT Y IN S T IT U T E O F T E C H N O L OGY , B U

    I NTRODUCTION :
    Constructions of large infrastructures in the sea are supported by a lot
    of special construction techniques. For instance, the petroleum resource
    industry has developed many innovated techniques such as under water
    drilling, platform construction, pipe installation. Some of these techniques can be
    applied to construction of sub-sea facilities in the field of civil engineering,
    naturally. A typical structure, to which such techniques could be applied, is an
    underwater tunnel. Constructing a tunnel, however, is one of the most complex
    challenges in the field of civil engineering. Many tunnels are considered
    technological masterpieces and government have honoured tunnel engineers as
    heroes.

    D EFINITION OF T UNNEL :
    A Tunnel is an Engineering Structure, artificial
    gallery, passage or roadway beneath the ground,
    under the bed of a stream or through a hill or
    mountain.
    An undersea tunnel is a tunnel which is partly or wholly
    constructed under a body of water. They are often used
    where building a bridge or operating a ferry link is
    impossible, or to provide competition (or relief) for
    existing bridges or ferry links. There are many reasons
    for building an undersea tunnel as opposed to the
    construction of a bridge or establishment of a ferry link.

    Advantages of tunnels:
    1. For carrying public utilities
    2. Tunnel may be cheaper than bridges and open cuts.
    3. Tunnel save tearing up of expensive pavements, so lesser
    maintenance costs by providing protection from natural influences.
    4. Cost of hauling is decreased due to lighter grades, possible in tunnel.
    5. Aerial warfare and bombing of cities have given intangible value to tunnel.
    Compared to bridges:
    One such advantage would be that a tunnel would still allow shipping to pass. A low
    bridge would need to be an opening or swing bridge to allow shipping to pass, which
    can cause traffic congestion. Conversely, a higher bridge that does allow shipping may
    be unsightly and opposed by the public. Bridges can also be closed due to harsh
    weather such as high winds. Another possible advantage is space: the downward
    ramp leading to a tunnel leaves a smaller footprint compared to the upward ramps
    required by most bridges.
    Tunneling will generate soil that has been excavated and this can be used to create
    new land, as was done with the soil of the Channel Tunnel

    Advantages Compared to ferry link:


    As with bridges, albeit with more chance, ferry links
    will also be closed during adverse weather. Strong
    winds, or the tidal limits may also affect the workings
    of a ferry crossing. Travelling through a tunnel is
    significantly quicker than travelling using a ferry link,
    shown by the times for travelling through the Channel
    Tunnel (7590 minutes for Ferry and 21 minutes on
    the Euro star.

    Disadvantages of Tunnels:

    Construction requires long time in completing as compared to open


    cuts.
    Specialized equipments make tunnels costlier than open cuts.
    Compared to bridges
    Tunnels require far higher costs of security and construction than
    bridges. This may mean that over short distances bridges may be
    preferred rather than tunnels (for example Dartford Crossing). As
    stated earlier, bridges may not allow shipping to pass, so solutions
    such as the Oresund Bridge have been constructed.
    Compared to ferry links
    As with bridges, ferry links are far cheaper to construct than tunnels,
    but not to operate.

    C LASSIFICATION

    OF

    U NDER WATER T UNNEL :

    Underwater
    Tunnel
    Bored

    Submerged
    floating

    Immersed
    tube

    Bored tunnel shall be


    constructed when the ground
    or waterbed is appropriate for
    excavating and preferred for
    deep tunnels. There are two
    alternative methods to build a
    bored tunnel: Drilling-blasting
    method or by using a tunnelboring machine. Although a
    TBM machine with a circular
    cross-section excavates the
    soil without disturbing it and
    produces a smooth tunnel
    wall, bored tunnel is only
    suitable for self retaining soils
    (TCRP Report/NCHRP Report
    2006).

    submerged floating tunnel also known as


    an archimed bridge is a very new concept
    in the world. Only, Norwegian and Chinese
    have submerged floating tunnel projects in
    the design phase. Unlike the traditional
    underwater tunnels, submerged floating
    tunnel (SFT) is not buried to the seabed; it
    is suspended above the water floor and
    anchorage to the ground with pontoons. It
    requires less substructure and excavation
    compared to the other two alternatives.
    Nonetheless , SFT is only appropriate for
    fjords, deep seas, and Dee lakes.

    An immersed tube tunnel is made up of many prefabricated


    tubes constructed on land, which are then floated and moved to
    its dredged location by remoras in the sea. The tubes are
    lowered and connected with each other underwater. Then, the
    water is pumped out and the segments are covered with the
    backfill materials. It is preferred if the water depth is not larger
    than 60 m. and the waterbed is suitable for dredging, such as
    soft sandy, silt or alluvial soils

    CONCEPTUAL DISEGN OF THE TUNNEL:


    The greatest difficulty encountered during the construction of this tunnel lay in
    controlling the water inflow into the excavation. For this reason it was decided to design
    a tunnel with the least possible width and to plan a constructive process that would
    guarantee the stability in all the constructive phases.
    For that it was decided that the tunnel should have two traffic levels, just as the rest of
    the Line 9, but with space for only one track in each one of them.
    This typology allows to consider the tunnel construction in two basically independent
    phases;
    since the concrete slab that permits circulating on the upper level facilitates the closure
    of the first constructed section.
    In addition, once the first phase excavation has been closed, a wall of micro piles was
    foreseen in order to facilitate the excavation of the lower part of the tunnel. With this
    concept of the tunnel the problems focus on controlling the water inflow through the
    excavation front in the stretches in which the soil is heterogeneous and, consequently,
    more permeable.
    In order to control the probable water inflow into the front, when more permeable soils
    were excavated, two actions were anticipated: firstly, lowering of the water table and
    secondly, reducing the soil permeability through jet -grouting combined with concrete
    grouting

    CONCEPT OF THE WATERPROOFING SYSTEM


    The waterproofing of a tunnel is a loose laid system. In case of a
    leakage, the water is able to enter between the geo membrane and
    concrete shell and will look for the weakest point of the concrete
    structure. In general it is the joint between 2 concrete blocks. In the
    complexity of the waterproofing, the possibility of leaks occurring
    after installation of the waterproofing system must be considered.
    Therefore it makes sense to plan the waterproofing system in such
    way that a repair is possible after finishing the construction, without
    perforating the concrete, and without damaging the waterproofing
    system.

    This can be achieved through two joint


    methods:

    The first one is to create compartments


    with water stops to limit the spreading of
    the infiltrating water over an important
    length of the tunnel.

    Fixing elements.
    Reinforcement strips to protect the
    geomembrane in the areawhere shuttering
    for concrete shell finishes.
    Protection geomembrane (French
    prescription)

    The second one, is to place injection


    Anchors if necessary to hold the
    devices to have the possibility to repair
    leakages after having poured the concrete. reinforcement of the inside
    Components of the waterproofing system: concrete shell.

    Geotextile minimum 500 g/m


    Polypropylene (no Polyester), depending
    on the surface.

    Geomembrane of homogenous
    thermoplastic material like PVC-P, TPO,
    min 2,0 mm, transparent (French
    prescription) or with signal layer.

    Water stops
    Injection device

    List of notable examples:


    Thames Tunnel The oldest underwater tunnel in the world.
    (0.4km) (1825 - 1843).
    Severn Tunnel One of the oldest underwater tunnels in the world
    (3.62 km) (1873 - 1886).
    Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel (23 mi), connecting Virginia
    Beach with the Eastern Shore of Virginia (1960 - 1964).
    New Elbe Tunnel, Hamburg, Germany, 8-lane road tunnel
    crossing the Elbe river (1968 - 1975).
    Vard Tunnel (2.9 km), connecting the small island community of
    Vard in northern Norway to the mainland (1979 - 1982).
    Seikan Tunnel, world's longest undersea railway tunnel (53.9
    km), when non-undersea portions of the tunnel are also
    measured (1971 - 1988).

    REFERENCES
    Google.com
    Akimoto, K., Y. Hashidate, H. Kitayama, and K. Kumagai. 2002. Immersed
    tunnels in
    Japan: Recent technological trends. Underwater Technology, Proceedings of the
    2002 International Symposium on 81-86
    Anastasopoulos, I., N. Gerolymos, V. Drosos, T. Georgarakos, R. Kourkoulis, and
    G.
    Gazetas. 2007. Behaviour of deep immersed tunnel under combined normal fault
    rupture deformation and subsequent seismic shaking. Bulletin of Earthquake
    Engineering 6(2): 213.
    Akan, Asl E., . zen. 2007. Bursa Yeil Trbenin sonlu elemanlar yntemiyle
    deprem
    analizi.Deprem Sempozyumu Kocaeli 2007. http://kocaeli2007.kocaeli.edu.tr/
    (accessed September 5, 2008).
    Baltzer, W., P. Hehengeber. 2003. The case for immersed tubes. Tunnels and
    Tunneling

    Conclusion :
    Complex immersed tunnel projects can be made feasible and executed
    within planned cost, time and risk.
    It requires however realistic planning, proper establishment of
    expectations, experienced specialists involved, good project
    management and effective collaboration between specialists from the
    designers, contractors and owners.
    Submerged floating tubes allow construction of a tunnel in extremely
    deep water, where conventional bridges or tunnels are technically
    difficult or prohibitively expensive. They would be able to deal
    with seismic disturbances and weather events easily (as they have
    some degree of freedom in regards to movement), and their structural
    performance is independent of length (that is, it can be very long
    without compromising its stability and resistance).
    On the other hand, they may be vulnerable in regards to anchors or
    submarine traffic, which therefore has to be taken in consideration
    when building one.

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