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Binomial Expansion

This document discusses binomial expansions and the binomial theorem. It begins by showing examples of expanding binomial expressions like (x + y)3. It then introduces Pascal's triangle as a way to determine the coefficients in a binomial expansion. The binomial theorem is presented, which states that the terms of (x + y)n follow a pattern based on binomial coefficients. Examples are worked to find specific terms in expansions.

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453 views32 pages

Binomial Expansion

This document discusses binomial expansions and the binomial theorem. It begins by showing examples of expanding binomial expressions like (x + y)3. It then introduces Pascal's triangle as a way to determine the coefficients in a binomial expansion. The binomial theorem is presented, which states that the terms of (x + y)n follow a pattern based on binomial coefficients. Examples are worked to find specific terms in expansions.

Uploaded by

Amber Coffey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 62 - Binomial

Expansion
IB Math SL1 - Santowski

Polynomial expansion
The binomial expansions

( x y)0
( x y)
1

( x y)2
( x y )3
( x y)
4

( x y )5

Polynomial expansion
The binomial expansions

( x y )0 1
( x y )1 x y
( x y ) 2 x 2 2 xy y 2
( x y )3 x3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3
( x y ) 4 x 4 4 x 3 y 6 x 2 y 2 4 xy 3 y 4
( x y )5 x5 5 x 4 y 10 x 3 y 2 10 x 2 y 3 5 xy 4 y 5
reveal a pattern.

Polynomial expansion - A Binomial


Expansion Pattern

And the pattern is:


This pattern is referred to as PASCALS TRIANGLE

Row

1
1
1
1
1
1

2
3

4
5

1
1
3
6

10

1
4

10

WHY is the pattern as it is???

1
5

0
1
2
3
4
5

1
This is good for
lower powers but
could get very large.
We will introduce
some notation to
help us and
generalize the
coefficients with a
formula based on
what was observed
here.

1
1

2
3

1
3

10 10 5

This is called Pascal's Triangle and would give us the


coefficients for a binomial expansion of any power if we
extended it far enough.

Applying Pascals Triangle to Binomial


Expansions

Expand (x + 2)4

Expand (2x 3y)4

Expand

2
3x
x

Find the leading coefficient of the x12 term in the


expansion of (2x 3)21 in order to answer this
question we need to know the WHY behind the
pattern in the triangle.

Instead of a
Instead of x
we have -3y
we have 2x
Let's use what we've learned to expand (2x - 3y)6

Instead of x
Instead of a
we have 2x
we have -3y
Let's use what we've learned to expand (2x - 3y)6
First let's write out the expansion of the general (x + a)6 and
then we'll substitute.

x a

6 ax5 15
6 a5 x a 6
x6 __
__ a 2 x4 20
__ a3 x3 15
__ a 4 x 2 __

3 y will
2 xbe
2 x 3 y 2 x 6 these
the15same
3 y 2 x
3
3
4
2
5
6
20 3 y 2 x 15 3these
y will
2 x bethe
6 same
3 y 2 x 3 y
6

Let's confirm
that
Let's
find
the
This
will
6

6! 6 5!
Let's
find
the
also3be
the
Now
we'll find
6 the 6
5 6!6! 6 655
44
2 this is also
3 the

6
6
coefficient
for

4!
3!

coefficient
for the

64
x

576
x
y

2160
x
y

4320
x
y
1
1!5!
5!

15
20
coefficient
of
the of
the
coefficient
of

second
term.
coefficient

third
32
2!4! 5 3 224!
3! 62nd tothe
last3rd
term.
the
4thterm.
term
2 4 3!3!
to
4860 x y 62916
729 y
6! xy 6 5!
last term.

6
formula

Now we'll apply this


to our 5!
specific binomial.
5 5!1!

Polynomial expansion

Consider (x+y)3:
Rephrase it as:

( x y ) 3 x 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3

( x y )( x y )( x y ) x 3 x 2 y x 2 y x 2 y xy 2 xy 2 xy 2 y 3

When choosing x twice and y once, there are 3


ways to choose where the x comes from
When choosing x once and y twice, there are 3
ways to choose where the y comes from

Combinations
There are 5 top students in this class. If I would
like to select 2 students out of these five to
represent this class. How many ways are there
for my choice?
List of the combinations ( order is not considered) :
(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,4), (3,5), (4,5)

A symbol is introduced to represent this


selection.
nC or Cn or C(n,r)
C
or
n r
r
r

The Factorial Symbol

0! = 1 1! = 1
n! = n(n-1) . . . 3 2 1
n must be an integer greater than or equal to 2
What this says is if you have a positive integer followed by
the factorial symbol you multiply the integer by each integer
less than it until you get down to 1.

6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720

Your calculator can compute factorials. The !


symbol is under the "math" menu and then "prob".

If jr and n are integers with 0 rj n,


n
the symbol is defined as
rj
n
n!

rj rj ! n rj !
This symbol is read "n taken r at a time"
Your calculator can compute these as well. It is also under
the "math" and then "prob" menu and is usually denoted nCr
with the C meaning combinations. In probability, there are n
things to choose from and you are choosing j of them for
various combinations.

n
n!

rj rj ! n rj !

Let's work a couple of these:

5
5!
5 4 3 2 1
20

10

2
2 2! 5 2 ! 2 1 3 2 1
2

12
12!
12 11 10 9!

220

9 9!12 9 ! 9! 3 2 1
We are now ready to see how this applies to expanding
binomials.

Polynomial expansion

Consider ( x y ) 5 x 5 5 x 4 y 10 x 3 y 2 10 x 2 y 3 5 xy 4 y 5

To obtain the x5 term

Each time you multiple


by (x+y), you select the x
Thus, of the 5 choices,
you choose x 5 times

C(5,5) = 1

Alternatively, you choose


y 0 times

C(5,0) = 1

To obtain the x4y term


Four of the times you
multiply by (x+y), you select
the x
The other time you
select the y
Thus, of the 5 choices, you
choose x 4 times
C(5,4) = 5
Alternatively, you choose y
1 time
C(5,1) = 5
To obtain the x3y2 term
C(5,3) = C(5,2) = 10

The Binomial Theorem (Binomial expansion)

(a + b)5 =1a5 + 5a4b +10a3b2 +10a2b3+5ab4+1b4


(a + b)5 =1a5 + 5C4a4b +5C3a3b2 +5C2a2b3+5C1ab4+5C0b4

(a + b)n =1an + nCn-1an-1b +nCn-2an-2b2


+nCn-3an-3b3+.+nCn-ran-rbr+.+1bn
where n is a positive integer

Polynomial expansion:
The binomial theorem

For (x+y)n
n n 0 n n1 1
n 1 n1 n 0 n
x y x y x y
( x y) x y
n
n 1
1
0
n

OR
n n 0 n n1 1
n 1 n1 n 0 n
x y x y x y x y x y
0
1
n 1
n
n

Polynomial expansion:
Binomial Coefficients

Binomial Coefficient
For nonnegative integers n and r, with r < n,

n
n!
n Cr
r r !(n r )!

Example

Find the coefficient of x5y8 in (x+y)13

Answer:

Example

Find the coefficient of x5y8 in (x+y)13

Answer:

13 13
1287
5 8

Example

Find the 5th term of the expansion of (x + a)12

Completely expand (x + a)12

Here is the expansion of (x + a)12

and the 5th term matches the term we obtained!


In this expansion, observe the following:

Powers on a and x add up to power on binomial

a's increase in power as x's decrease in power from


term to term.
Powers on a are one less than the term number
Symmetry of coefficients (i.e. 2nd term and 2nd to last term
have same coefficients, 3rd & 3rd to last etc.) so once you've
reached the middle, you can copy by symmetry rather
than compute coefficients.

Examples

What is the coefficient of x12y13 in (x+y)25?

What is the coefficient of x12y13 in (2x-3y)25?


Rephrase it as (2x+(-3y))25

The coefficient occurs when j=13:

Examples

What is the coefficient of x12y13 in (x+y)25?


25 25
25!

5,200,300
13 12 13!12!

What is the coefficient of x12y13 in (2x-3y)25?


Rephrase it as (2x+(-3y))25

x y 25 2 x (3 y)25

use (2 x) instead of x and 3 y instead of y

The coefficient occurs when r =12:

25
25! 12
2 x 12 (3 y)13
2 (3)13 x12 y13 33,959,763,545,702,400
13!12!
12

Pascals triangle Revisited


n= 0

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Example

Determine the coefficient of the x7 term in the


expansion of 2 4 11
x
x

Example

Determine the
coefficient of the x7
term in the expansion
of

11 x 2 r 11 r
Term 11 r 4
r x
11 3r 11 11 r
Term x
4
r

11 r

11 2 r 4
x
Term

x
r
11 2 r 411 r
Term x 11 r
r
x

so x 7 x 3r 11
so 7 3r 11 r 6
11 5 7
term 4 x 473088x 7
6

Example
Extension to Trinomial

Expand (1 x + x2)4

Example
Extension to Trinomial

(1 x + x2)4
= [1x(1x)]4

= 14 4C3(1)3x(1x) + 4C2(1)2x2(1x)2
4C1(1)1x3(1x)3 + x4(1x)4

Homework

HW
- Ex 9A #1bdh, 2cf, 3b, 4abii, 8a
- Ex 9B #1ab, 2ad, 3ac, 4b;

Quick survey

a)
b)
c)
d)

I felt I understood the material in this slide


set
Very well
With some review, Ill be good
Not really
Not at all

Quick survey

a)
b)
c)
d)

The pace of the lecture for this slide set


was
Fast
About right
A little slow
Too slow

Quick survey

a)
b)
c)
d)

How interesting was the material in this


slide set? Be honest!
Wow! That was SOOOOOO cool!
Somewhat interesting
Rather borting
Zzzzzzzzzzz

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