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Lecture 9. Wavelet Transform: CS589-04 Digital Image Processing

The document discusses the wavelet transform, which is a tool that decomposes data into different frequency components at different resolutions. This allows wavelet transforms to provide both frequency and temporal information, unlike the Fourier transform which only provides frequency information. The wavelet transform uses small wave-like functions called wavelets at varying scales and positions to analyze signals. It provides localized time-frequency analysis, while the Fourier transform loses the time coordinate. The discrete wavelet transform behaves like a filter bank that decomposes signals into an approximation and details at different scales.

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Sai Ram
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98 views30 pages

Lecture 9. Wavelet Transform: CS589-04 Digital Image Processing

The document discusses the wavelet transform, which is a tool that decomposes data into different frequency components at different resolutions. This allows wavelet transforms to provide both frequency and temporal information, unlike the Fourier transform which only provides frequency information. The wavelet transform uses small wave-like functions called wavelets at varying scales and positions to analyze signals. It provides localized time-frequency analysis, while the Fourier transform loses the time coordinate. The discrete wavelet transform behaves like a filter bank that decomposes signals into an approximation and details at different scales.

Uploaded by

Sai Ram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS589-04 Digital Image Processing

Lecture 9. Wavelet Transform


Spring 2008
New Mexico Tech

Wavelet Definition
The wavelet transform is a tool that cuts up data, functions
or operators into different frequency components, and then
studies each component with a resolution matched to its
scale
Dr. Ingrid Daubechies, Lucent, Princeton U.

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Fourier vs. Wavelet

FFT, basis functions: sinusoids

Wavelet transforms: small waves, called wavelet

FFT can only offer frequency information

Wavelet: frequency + temporal information

Fourier analysis doesnt work well on discontinuous,


bursty data
music, video, power, earthquakes,

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Fourier vs. Wavelet

Fourier
Loses time (location) coordinate completely
Analyses the whole signal
Short pieces lose frequency meaning

Wavelets
Localized time-frequency analysis
Short signal pieces also have significance
Scale = Frequency band

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Fourier transform
Fourier transform:

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Wavelet Transform

Scale and shift original waveform

Compare to a wavelet

Assign a coefficient of similarity

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Scaling-- value of stretch

Scaling a wavelet simply means stretching (or


compressing) it.
f(t) = sin(t)

scale factor1

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Scaling-- value of stretch

Scaling a wavelet simply means stretching (or


compressing) it.
f(t) = sin(2t)
scale factor 2

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Scaling-- value of stretch

Scaling a wavelet simply means stretching (or


compressing) it.
f(t) = sin(3t)
scale factor 3

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More on scaling

It lets you either narrow down the frequency band of interest, or


determine the frequency content in a narrower time interval

Scaling = frequency band

Good for non-stationary data

Low scalea Compressed wavelet Rapidly changing detailsHigh


frequency

High scale a Stretched wavelet Slowly changing, coarse features


Low frequency

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Scale is (sort of) like frequency

Small scale
-Rapidly changing details,
-Like high frequency

Large scale
-Slowly changing
details
-Like low frequency
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Scale is (sort of) like frequency

The scale factor works exactly the same with wavelets.


The smaller the scale factor, the more "compressed"
the wavelet.
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Shifting
Shifting a wavelet simply means delaying (or hastening) its
onset. Mathematically, delaying a function f(t) by k is
represented by f(t-k)

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Shifting

C = 0.0004

C = 0.0034
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Five Easy Steps to a Continuous Wavelet


Transform
1. Take a wavelet and compare it to a section at the start of
the original signal.
2. Calculate a correlation coefficient c

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Five Easy Steps to a Continuous Wavelet


Transform
3. Shift the wavelet to the right and repeat steps 1 and 2 until you've
covered the whole signal.

4. Scale (stretch) the wavelet and repeat steps 1 through 3.

5. Repeat steps 1 through 4 for all scales.


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Coefficient Plots

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Discrete Wavelet Transform

Subset of scale and position based on power of two


rather than every possible set of scale and position in
continuous wavelet transform

Behaves like a filter bank: signal in, coefficients out

Down-sampling necessary
(twice as much data as original signal)

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Discrete Wavelet transform


signal
lowpass

highpass

filters

Approximation
(a)
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Details
(d)
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Results of wavelet transform


approximation and details

Low frequency:
approximation (a)

High frequency
details (d)

Decomposition
can be performed
iteratively

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Wavelet synthesis

Re-creates signal from coefficients


Up-sampling required
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Multi-level Wavelet Analysis


Multi-level wavelet
decomposition tree

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Reassembling original signal

22

Subband Coding

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2-D 4-band filter bank


Approximation

Vertical detail
Horizontal detail

Diagonal details

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An Example of One-level Decomposition

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An Example of Multi-level Decomposition

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Wavelet Series Expansions


Wavelet series expansion of function f ( x) L2 ( )
relative to wavelet ( x) and scaling function ( x)

f ( x) c j0 (k ) j0 ,k ( x) d j (k ) j ,k ( x)
k

j j0

where ,
c j0 (k ) : approximation and/or scaling coefficients
d j (k ) : detail and/or wavelet coefficients
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Wavelet Series Expansions

c j0 (k ) f ( x), j0 ,k ( x) f ( x) j0 ,k ( x)dx
and
d j (k ) f ( x), j ,k ( x) f ( x) j ,k ( x)dx

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Wavelet Transforms in Two Dimensions


( x, y ) ( x) ( y )
H ( x, y ) ( x) ( y )

j ,m,n ( x, y) 2 j /2 (2 j x m, 2 j y n)

V ( x, y ) ( x) ( y )

i j ,m,n ( x, y) 2 j /2 i (2 j x m, 2 j y n)

D ( x, y ) ( x) ( y )

i {H ,V , D}

W ( j0 , m, n)

1
MN

W ( j , m, n)

1
MN

M 1 N 1

f ( x, y)
x 0 y 0

M 1 N 1

x 0 y 0

j0 , m , n

( x, y )

f ( x, y ) i j ,m,n ( x, y )

i H ,V , D
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Inverse Wavelet Transforms in Two


Dimensions

1
f ( x, y )
W ( j0 , m, n) j0 ,m,n ( x, y )

MN m n

1
i
i

W
(
j
,
m
,
n
)

j , m , n ( x, y )
MN i H ,V , D j j0 m n

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