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Aifinal 2

The document discusses artificial intelligence (AI) including definitions of AI as building intelligent entities or getting computers to do tasks requiring human intelligence, and discusses challenges like face recognition, navigation, and language understanding. It then covers why AI is pursued to better understand human intelligence and create useful programs, and examples of mundane tasks like shopping and expert tasks like medical diagnosis that AI systems aim to perform. The document also discusses different views of AI, rational agents and their environments, and types of agents and environments.

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deepakrajput307
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38 views25 pages

Aifinal 2

The document discusses artificial intelligence (AI) including definitions of AI as building intelligent entities or getting computers to do tasks requiring human intelligence, and discusses challenges like face recognition, navigation, and language understanding. It then covers why AI is pursued to better understand human intelligence and create useful programs, and examples of mundane tasks like shopping and expert tasks like medical diagnosis that AI systems aim to perform. The document also discusses different views of AI, rational agents and their environments, and types of agents and environments.

Uploaded by

deepakrajput307
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESENTATION ON

* What is AI

Various definitions:
o
o

Building intelligent entities.


Getting computers to do tasks which require human
intelligence.

But what is intelligence?


Simple things turn out to be the hardest to
automate:
o
o
o

Recognizing a face.
Navigating a busy street.
Understanding what someone says.

All tasks require reasoning on knowledge.

* Why AI?
Two main goals of AI:
o

To understand human intelligence better. We


test theories of human intelligence by writing
programs which emulate it.

To create useful smart programs able to do


tasks that would normally require a human
expert.

* Typical AI Problems

Intelligent entities (or agents) need to be able


to do both mundane and expert tasks:
Mundane tasks - consider going shopping:
Planning a route, and sequence of shops to visit!
o Recognising (through vision) buses, people.
o Communicating (through natural language).
o Navigating round obstacles on the street, and
manipulating objects for purchase.
o

Expert tasks are things like:


medical diagnosis.
o equipment repair.
o

Often mundane tasks are the hardest.

* What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:
Thinking Humanly

Thinking Rationally

Acting Humanly

Acting Rationally

* Acting Rationally:
Rational Agent
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
Doesn't necessarily involve thinking
e.g., blinking reflex but thinking should
be in the service of rational action

* Agents
An agent is anything that can be viewed
as perceiving its environment through
sensors and acting upon that environment
through actuators
Percept refers to agents perceptual inputs
Percept sequence: Complete history of
everything the agent has perceived.
Performance Measure: Criterion for
success for agent.

* Agents (cont..)
Rationality: determined by 4 factors
1.performance measure
2.prior knowledge of environment
3.actions that agent can perform
4.percept sequence to date.
Rational Agent: For each possible percept
sequence, a rational agent should select an action
that is expected to maximize its performance
measure, given the evidence provided by percept
sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the
agent has.

* Agents and environments

The agent function maps from percept


histories to actions:
[f: P* A]

* Vacuum-cleaner world

Percepts: location and contents, e.g.,


[A,Dirty]
Actions: Left, Right, Suck.

* PEAS
PEAS: Performance measure,
Environment, Actuators, Sensors
Consider, e.g., the task of designing an
automated taxi driver:
Performance measure
o Environment
o Actuators
o Sensors
o

* PEAS

Example of an automated taxi driver


Performance measure: Safe, fast, legal, comfortable
trip, maximize profits
o Environment: Roads, other traffic, pedestrians,
customers
o Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal,
horn
o Sensors: Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS,
odometer, engine sensors, keyboard
o

* PEAS
Agent: Part-picking robot
Performance measure: Percentage of
parts in correct bins
Environment: Conveyor belt with parts,
bins
Actuators: Jointed arm and hand
Sensors: Camera, joint angle sensors

* Environment types

Fully observable (vs. partially observable): An


agent's sensors give it access to the complete
state of the environment at each point in time.
Deterministic (vs. stochastic): The next state of
the environment is completely determined by the
current state and the action executed by the
agent.
Episodic (vs. sequential): The agent's
experience is divided into atomic "episodes"
(each episode consists of the agent perceiving
and then performing a single action), and the
choice of action in each episode depends only
on the episode itself.

* Environment types
Static (vs. dynamic): The environment is
unchanged while an agent is deliberating.
Discrete (vs. continuous): A limited
number of distinct, clearly defined
percepts and actions.
Single agent (vs. multiagent): An agent
operating by itself in an environment.

* Agent types
Four basic types in order of increasing
generality:
Simple reflex agents
Model-based reflex agents / Agent that
keep track of the world.
Goal-based agents
Utility-based agents

* Simple reflex agents

* Model-based reflex agents

* Goal-based agents

* Utility-based agents

*
*AI is at the centre of a new enterprise to
build computational models of
intelligence.

* The main assumption is that intelligence

(human or otherwise) can be represented


in terms of symbol structures and symbolic
operations which can be programmed in a
digital computer.

*
* Wikipedia.org
* Ieeexplorer journals
* Artificial Intelligence- A modern Approach
Russell and Norvig.

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