BNJ 10403

Lecture #01
By,
Dalila Binti Mohd Harun
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)

Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
- Explain some of the important principles of statics.
- Use the principles to determine internal resultant
loadings in a body.
- Explain the concepts of normal, shear, bearing and
thermal stress.
Topics:
Introduction
Main Principles of Statics
Stress
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Thermal Stress

Mechanics : The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them

RIGID BODIES

(Things that do not change shape

DEFORMABLE BODIES

( Things that do change shape

FLUIDS

Statics : The study of bodies

in an equilibrium
Incompressible

Dynamics :
1 . Kinematics concerned
with the geometric aspects
of the motion
2 . Kinetics concerned
with the forces causing the
motion .

Compressible

Mechanics of Materials :
The study of the relationships
between the external loads
applied to a deformable body and
the intensity of internal forces
acting within the body .

1.1 Introduction

STATICS and
DYNAMICS

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS

Study of external effects on

rigid bodies

Study of internal effects and

deformations that are caused
by the applied loads.

External Loads
Body Force
Developed when one body exerts a force on
another body without direct physical contact
between the bodies.
e.g earths gravitation (weight)

Surface Forces
Caused by direct contact of one body
with the surface of another.

Concentrated force

Linear distributed load, w(s)

1.2 Main Principles of Statics

 Axial Load

Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Allowable Stress
Deformation of Structural under Axial Load
Statically indeterminate problem
Thermal Stress

 Stress

The intensity of the internal force on a

specific plane
(area) passing through a point.
Force divided by cross sectional area
Two types of stress which are normal
stress, and
shear stress,
Normal stress,
Shear stress,
.
The force
acts
perpendicular to the
cross sectional area.
Can be either
compressive or tensile

The forces act parallel

to the cross sectional
area.
Refers to a cutting-like
action.

Tensile and compressive forces are called DIRECT FORCES.

(a)

(b)

Force F / P
Stress

Area
A

Unit: Nm -
N/mm2 or MPa
N/m2 or Pa

Note: Most of engineering fields used kPa, MPa, GPa.

 Normal Stress,

the intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting

normal to A

= P / A

A positive sign will be used to indicate a tensile

stress (member in tension)

A negative sign will be used to indicate a

compressive stress (member in compression)

 FRz Fz ;

dF d A
A

P A
P

A
= average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = cross-sectional area of the bar

11

1.4 Axial Loading Normal Stress

Shear Stress
A force acting parallel or tangential to a section taken through a
material (i.e. in the plane of the material) is called a shear force
The shear force intensity, i.e. shear force divided by the area over
which it acts, is called the average shear stress,
= shear stress
V = shear force
A = cross-sectional area

Shear stress arises as a result of the direct action of forces trying

to cut through a material, it is known as direct shear force

Shear stresses can also arise indirectly as a result of tension,

torsion or bending of a member.

41

 Depending on the type of connection, a connecting

element (bolt, rivet, pin) may be subjected to single shear

or double shear as shown.

Rivet in Single Shear

V

A

P
d2

42

Rivet in Double Shear

V

A

P
2P
2
2
d
d
2( )
4

Example 1.9
For the 12 mm diameter bolt shown in the bolted joint below,
determine the average shearing stress in the bolt.

43

Single Shear

ave

P F

A A

Double Shear

P F
ave
A 2A

Example 1.1:
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded
together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that
d1=30mm and d2=20mm, find average normal
stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

Example 1.2
Two solid cylindrical roads AB and BC are welded
together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that d1
= 30 mm and d2 = 50 mm, find the average normal
stress in the mid section of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

 Strain

describe the deformation by changes

in
length of line segments and the
changes in
the angles between
them.
Normal strain, is the elongation or
contraction of a line segment per
= L / Lo
unit of length
where, L =
elongation
Lo =
L =
length
dimensionless

Example 1.3:
Determine the corresponding strain for a bar of length
L=0.6m and uniform cross section which undergoes a
deformation =15010-6m.

Stress and Strain Example

Example 1.4
A cable and strut assembly ABC supports a vertical load P=12kN.
The cable has an effective cross sectional area of 160mm, and the
strut has an area of 340mm.
(a) Calculate the normal stresses in the cable and strut.
(b) If the cable elongates 1.1mm, what is the strain?

(c) If the strut shortens 0.37mm, what is the strain?

Example 1.5
The bar shown has a square cross section (20mm x
40mm) and length, L=2.8m. If an axial force of 70kN
is applied along the centroidal axis of the bar cross
sectional area, determine the stress and strain if the
bar end up with 4m length.

70kN

70kN

2.8m

The Stress-Strain Diagram

Tensile test is an experiment to determine the load-

deformation behavior of the material.

Data from tensile test can be plot into stress and
strain diagram.
Example of test specimen
- note the dog-bone geometry

28

 Universal Testing Machine - equipment used to

subject a specimen to tension, compression,

bending, etc. loads and measure its response

29

Stress-Strain Diagrams

A number of important mechanical properties of materials that can be deduced

from the stress-strain diagram are illustrated in figure above.
30

 Point O-A = linear relationship between stress

and strain
Point A = proportional limit (PL)
The ratio of stress to strain in this linear region
of stress-strain diagram is called Youngs Modulus
or the Modulus of Elasticity given

< PL
Unit: MPa

At point A-B, specimen begins yielding.

Point B = yield point
Point B-C = specimen continues to elongate without any increase in stress. Its
refer as perfectly plastic zone
Point C = stress begins to increase
Point C-D = refer as the zone of strain hardening
Point D = ultimate stress/strength ; specimen
begins to neck-down
Point E = fracture stress ..\stress strain diagram.doc
31

Point O to A

Point C to D

Point D to E
At point E

Normal or engineering stress can be determined by dividing the applied

load by the specimen original cross sectional area.
True stress is calculated using the actual cross sectional area at the
instant the load is measured.

31

Some of the materials like aluminum (ductile), does not have clear yield
point likes structural steel. Therefore, stress value called the offset yield
stress, YL is used in line of a yield point stress.

As illustrated, the offset yield stress is determine by;

Drawing a straight line that best fits the data in initial (linear) portion of
the stress-strain diagram
Second line is then drawn parallel to the original line but offset by
specified amount of strain
The intersection of this second line with the stress-strain curve determine
the offset yield stress.
o Commonly used offset value is 0.002 or 0.2%
32

Brittle material such as ceramic and glass have low tensile

stress value but high in compressive stress. Stress-strain
diagram for brittle material.

33

Elasticity and Plasticity

Elasticity refers to the property of a material such that it

returns to its original dimensions after unloading .

Any material which deforms when subjected to load and
returns to its original dimensions when unloaded is said to be
elastic.
If the stress is proportional to the strain, the material is said to

be linear elastic, otherwise it is non-linear elastic.

Beyond the elastic limit, some residual strain or permanent

strains will remain in the material upon unloading .

The residual elongation corresponding to the permanent
strain is called the permanent set .

34

 The amount of strain which is recovered upon unloading is

called the elastic recovery.

35

Poisson's Ratio,
When an elastic, homogenous and isotropic material is

subjected to uniform tension, it stretches axially but contracts

laterally along its entire length.
Similarly, if the material is subjected to axial compression, it
shortens axially but bulges out laterally (sideways).
The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain is a constant known as
lateral
the Poisson's ratio,

axial

where the strains are caused by uniaxial stress only

L
paksi @ x
L
b
d
sisi @ y

b
d

36

Example 1.7
A prismatic bar of circular cross-section is
loaded by tensile forces P = 85 kN. The bar
has length of 3 m and diameter of 30 mm. It is
made from aluminum with modulus of
elasticity of 70 GPa and poisson's ratio =
1/3. Calculate the elongation and the
decrease in diameter d.

Example 1.8
A 10 cm diameter steel rod is loaded with 862 kN by tensile
forces. Knowing that the E=207 GPa and = 0.29, determine the
deformation of rod diameter after being loaded.
Solution
in rod, =

Axial strain,

Lateral strain,

38

Shear Strain
The effect of shear stress is to distort the shape of a body by

inducing shear strains

The shear strain, is a measure of the angular distortion of the
body.

(units: degrees, xradians)

L

44

Bearing Stress
Bolts, pins and rivets create stress in the

members they connect, along the bearing

surface or surface of contact. It is also
known as contact stress.
Bearing stress in shaft key;

P
M r
2M
b

Ab (h 2) L rhL
Bearing stress in rivet and plate;

P
b
td

45

Shear Modulus
It also known as Shear Modulus of Elasticity or the Modulus of

Rigidity.
Value of shear modulus can be obtained from the linear region
of shear stress-strain diagram.

(Unit : Pa)

The Modulus Young (E), Poissons ratio() and the Modulus of

rigidity (G) can be related as

E
G
2(1 )

48

Volume Change
Because of the change in the dimensions of a body as a

result of tension or compression, the volume of the body

also changes within the elastic limit.
Consider a rectangular parallel piped having sides a, b and

c in the x, y and z directions, respectively.

58

 and lateral

The tensile force P causes an axial elongation of a

contractions of b and c in the x, y, and z directions

respectively. Hence,
Initial
body

Initial volume of body, Vo = abc

Final volume, Vf = (a + a)(b - b)(c - c)
= abc(1 + )(1 - )2
59

Expanding and neglecting higher orders of (since is very

small),
Final volume, Vf = abc(1 + - 2)

Change in volume,
V = Final Volume - Initial Volume
= abc(1 + - 2 ) - abc
= abc(1 + - 2 - 1)
= abc( - 2 )
= Vo (1 - 2)
Hence,

60

 Isotropic material is subjected to general triaxial stress x,

y and z.
Since all strain satisfy << 1, so v = x + y + z

x =

1
x ( y z )
E

y =

1
y ( x z )
E

z =

1
z ( x y )
E

1 2

( x y z )
E

Allowable Stress
Applied load that is less than the load the member can fully support.

(maximum load)
One method of specifying the allowable load for the design or analysis of

a member is use a number called the Factor of Safety (FS).

FS > 1

Allowable-Stress Design

Statically Indeterminate Axially

Loaded Member
If a bar is fixed at both ends, as shown in fig.

(a), two unknown axial reactions occurs, and

the force equilibrium equation becomes;
Fy 0;

FB FA P 0
In this case, the bar is called statically
indeterminate, since the equilibrium
equation are not sufficient to determine
the reactions.
the relative displacement of one end of the bar
with respect to the other end is equal to zero
since the ends supports are fixed. Hence;
A / B

the relationship between the forces acting on

the bar and its changes in length are known as
force-displacement relations

Statically Indeterminate Axially

Loaded Member (cont.)
A / B 0,

PL
AE

A B 0

FB FA P 0, FA P FB

Realizing that the internal force in segment AC is +FA, and in segment CB,
the internal force is FB. Therefore, the equation can be written as;
FA L AC FB L CB

0
AE
AE
FA L AC FB L CB

AE
AE
F L
AE
FA B CB
AE
L AC
F L
FA B CB
L AC

F L
P FB B CB
L AC
F L
P B CB FB
L AC
L

P FB CB 1
L AC

L
P FB CB AC
L AC L AC
L L AC

P FB CB

L AC

P FB

L
AC
L

FB P AC
L

Example

Solution:
FX 0,

FA FB 20(103 )N 0................(1)
FB 20(103 ) FA

B / A 0.001m
A B 0.001m
FA L AC FB L CB

0.001m
AE
AE
FA (0.4m )
FB(0.8m)

0.001m
2
2
9

2
9

2
0.0025m 200 10 Nm 0.0025m 200 10 Nm

or
FA (0.4m ) FB (0.8m ) 3927.0N................( 2)
Substitute eq (1)int o eq ( 2)
FA (0.4m ) ( 20, 000N FA )(0.8m) 3927.0N
FA 16.6kN
FB 3.39kN

Example

Answer

Solution:

Fy 0,

FA FC FE 15(103 )N 0................(1)

CCW M C 0
FA ( 0.4) 15(103 )( 0.2) FE ( 0.4) 0 ...........( 2)

The applied load will cause the horizontal line

ACE move to inclined line ACE
E
A E
C
0. 8
0.4
C E A E

0.4
0.8
E
C E A
0. 4
0 .8
0.4A 0.4 E
C
E
0.8
C 0.5 A 0.5 E
FC LCD

1.5 105 E st
FC (0.5)

1.5 105 E st

FA L AB

FE L EF
0.5

0
.
5

5
5
2.5 10 E st
2.5 10 E st
FA ( 0.5)
FE (0.5)
0.5

0
.
5

5
5
2.5 10 E st
2.5 10 E st

33.33 103 FC 10 103 FA 10 103 FE

FC

10 103 FA 10 103 FE

33.33 103
FC 0.3FA 0.3FE .................eq( 3)

 Fy 0,

FA FC FE 15(103 )N 0................(1)

CCW M C 0
FA (0.4) 15(103 )(0.2) FE (0.4) 0 ...........( 2)
FC 0.3FA 0.3FE .................eq(3)
Substitute eq (3) int o eq(1)
FA FC FE 15(10 )N 0................(1)
3

FA (0.3FA 0.3FE )FE 15(103 ) 0

1.3FA 1.3FE 15(10 )
3

15(103 ) 1.3FA
FE
1. 3
FE 11.538(10 ) FA .......................eq( 4)
3

Substitute eq ( 4) int o eq( 2)

FA (0.4) 15(103 )(0.2) FE (0.4) 0
FA (0.4) 3(103 ) (0.4) 11.538(103 ) FA 0

FA (0.4) 3(103 ) 4.615(103 ) 0.4FA 0

7.615103
FA
0.8
9.519(103 )
9.52kN

Re place FA 9.52kN int o eq ( 4)

9.52kN
FE 11.538(103 ) FA
11.538(103 ) 9.52(103 )
2.02 kN
Re place FE 2.02 kN int o eq(3)
FC 0.3FA 0.3FE
0.3(9.519(103 ) 0.3( 2.02 103 )
3.462 kN

Thermal Stress
A change in temperature can cause material to change its

dimensions.
If the temperature increases, generally a material expands, whereas

if the temperature decreases, the material will contract.

If this is the case, and the material is homogenous and isotropic, it

has been found from experiment that the deformation of a member

having a length L can be calculated using the formula;

T = T L

where,
=linear coefficient of thermal expansion (unit: 1/C)
T=change in temperature
L=original length of the member
T=change in length of the member

Example

Given: =12x10-6/C

Solution:
FY 0
FA FB F

AB 0

( )

The change in length of the bar

is zero (because the supports do
not move)
To determine the change in
length, remove the upper support
of the bar and obtain a bar is
fixed at the base and free to
displace at the upper end.
AB T F
So the bar will elongate by an
amount T when only
temperature change is acting
And the bar shortens by an
amount F when only the reaction
is acting

( ) AB T F
T F 0
TL

FL
0
AE

12 106 (60 30)(1)

3.6 104

F(1)
0.01 ( 200 10 )
2

F(1)
0.012 ( 200 109 )

F 3.6 104 0.012 ( 200 109 )

7.2kN

Average normal thermal stress:

F 7.2kN
;
72 MPa
2
A 0.01

Example

Given:

st 12 106 / C
al 23 106 / C
E st 200 109 Pa
E al 73.1 109 Pa

Solution:

Fy 0,

2Fst Fal 90(103 )N 0.........eq(1)

st al ...............................eq (2)
( ) st (st )T (st )F
al (al )T (al )F
(st )T (st )F (al )T (al )F
TL

Fst L
F L
TL al
Ast E
A al E

12 106 (80 20)(0.25)

Fst (0.25)
(0.02) ( 200 10 )
2

23 106 (80 20)(0.25)

1.8 104

Fst (0.25)
251.327 106 )

3.45 104

Fal (0.25)

(0.03)2 (73.1 109 )

Fal (0.25)

( 206.685 106 )

1.8 104 9.947 1010 Fst 3.45 104 1.21 109 Fal
9.947 1010 Fst 3.45 104 1.21 109 Fal 1.8 104
Fst

1.65 104 1.21 109 Fal

9.947 1010

165.88 103 1.216Fal ...............eq (3)

Substitute eq (3)int o eq(1)

2Fst Fal 90(103 )N 0
2( 165.88 103 1.216Fal ) Fal 90(103 )N 0
331.76 103 2.432Fal Fal 90(103 )N 0
3.432Fal 421.76 103
Fal 122.89 kN
Substitute Fal 122.89 kN int o eq (3)
Fst 165.88 103 1.216Fal
165.88 103 1.216(122.89 103 )
16.445 kN
The negative value for F steel indicates that the
force acts opposite to arrow shown.
THE STEEL POSTS ARE IN TENSION and
ALUMINIUM POSTS IS IN COMPRESSION

TUTORIAL 1.1
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and
loading shown, assuming a close fit at both supports
before the loads are applied. ( RA= 323 kN, Rb= 577kN )

Answer

66

TUTORIAL 1.2
Two cylindrical rods, CD made of steel (E=200 GPa) and
AC made of aluminum (E=72 GPa), are joined at C and
restrained by rigid supports at A and D. Determine
(a)
the reactions at A and D (RA=52.9kN, RD= 87.1 kN)
(b)
The deflection of point C (0.086 mm)

Answer

67

TUTORIAL 1.3
At room temperature (21oC) a 0.5 mm gap exists between the ends of
the rods shown. At a later time when the temperature has reached
1600C, determine
(a) The normal stress in the aluminum rod (a =-150.6 MPa)
(b) The change in length of the aluminum rod (a= 0.369 mm)

Answer
69