Scribd
Upload
201 views

Slide 02 - Algorithm

The document discusses algorithms and their representations. It provides examples of representing algorithms using flowcharts and pseudocode. Specifically, it presents algorithms for calculating the price of apples and calculating a car park charge. It demonstrates representing these algorithms as flowcharts and converting them into C code. The document also discusses guidelines for developing algorithms and writing pseudocode. It emphasizes that algorithms should break problems down into smaller subproblems and clearly define the steps to solve each subproblem.

Uploaded by

EffendyFooad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
201 views

Slide 02 - Algorithm

The document discusses algorithms and their representations. It provides examples of representing algorithms using flowcharts and pseudocode. Specifically, it presents algorithms for calculating the price of apples and calculating a car park charge. It demonstrates representing these algorithms as flowcharts and converting them into C code. The document also discusses guidelines for developing algorithms and writing pseudocode. It emphasizes that algorithms should break problems down into smaller subproblems and clearly define the steps to solve each subproblem.

Uploaded by

EffendyFooad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Algorithm

Knowledge:
Understand algorithm representation using flowchart and
pseudocode

Skill:
Map problem to solution in flowchart and pseudocode forms

Computer Science Department

FTSM

Algorithm in Real Life


Consider the following .
Problem: Baking a Cake
How to solve:
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Start
Preheat the oven at 180oC
Prepare a baking pan
Beat butter with sugar
Mix them with flour, eggs and essence vanilla
Pour the dough into the baking pan
Put the pan into the oven
End

TK1913-C Programming

Divide and Conquer Strategy


in Algorithm
Problem: Prepare a Breakfast
1. Start
2. Prepare a Breakfast
3. End

TK1913-C Programming

Divide and Conquer Strategy


in Algorithm
1. Start
2. Prepare a Breakfast
2.1 Prepare a tuna sandwich
2.2 Prepare some chips
2.3 Make a cup of coffee
3. End
TK1913-C Programming

Divide and Conquer Strategy


in Algorithm
1. Start
2. Prepare a Breakfast
2.1 Prepare a tuna sandwich
2.1.1 Take 2 slices of bread
2.1.2 Prepare tuna paste
2.2 Prepare some chips
2.3 Make a cup of coffee
3. End
TK1913-C Programming

Divide and Conquer Strategy


in Algorithm
1. Start
2. Prepare a Breakfast
2.1 Prepare a tuna sandwich
2.1.1 Take 2 slices of bread
2.1.2 Prepare tuna paste
2.2 Prepare some chips
2.2.1 Cut potatoes into slices
2.2.2 Fry the potatoes
2.3 Make a cup of coffee
3. End
TK1913-C Programming

Divide and Conquer Strategy


in Algorithm
1. Start
2. Prepare a Breakfast
2.1. Prepare a tuna sandwich
2.1.1 Take 2 slices of bread
2.1.2 Prepare tuna paste
2.2. Prepare some chips
2.2.1 Cut potatoes into slices
2.2.2 Fry the potatoes
2.3. Make a cup of coffee
2.3.1 Boil water
2.3.2 Add water with sugar and coffee
3. End
TK1913-C Programming

Something to ponder
What is the connection
between these real life
processes and
algorithm?

TK1913-C Programming

Algorithm

A specific and step-by-step set of instructions


for carrying out a procedure or solving a
problem, usually with the requirement that the
procedure terminate at some point
2 types of algorithm representation will be
explained:

Flowchart
Pseudocode

Structured Method (will be explained later)

A method of designing problem solution

TK1913-C Programming

Flowchart
Flowchart represents
algorithm graphically.
It is intended for
communication and
documentation

TK1913-C Programming

10

Flowchart Basic Syntax


Symbol

Semantic

Start/End
Process

Input/Output
Test

Connector
Flow of activities
TK1913-C Programming

11

Flowchart Other Syntax


Symbol

Semantic

Function call
Magnetic Disc
Stored Data
Document/File
Multiple Document/File
TK1913-C Programming

12

Something to ponder
Are the steps in the
algorithm discussed
earlier specific
enough to be
executed by
computer?

TK1913-C Programming

13

Problem Solving Process

Input

TK1913-C Programming

Process

Output

14

Example 1
Calculate and display the price of a
number of apples if the quantity in kg and
price per kg are given.
Input
Quantity

Process
Price = Quantity * Price_per_kg

Output
Price

Price_per_kg

TK1913-C Programming

15

Flowchart: Calculate Price of


Start
Apples
Input
Quantity
Input
Price_per_kg
Price Quantity * Price_per_kg

Output
Price
End
TK1913-C Programming

16

C Program: Calculate Price of Apples


Start

Input
Quantity
Input
Price_per_kg
Price Quantity * Price_per_kg

Output
Price
End
TK1913-C Programming

void main() {
scanf(%d,&quantity);
scanf(%d,&price_per_kg);
price = quantity*price_per_kg;
printf(%d, price);
}
17

C Program: Calculate Price of Apples


void main() {

scanf(%d,&quantity);
scanf(%d,&price_per_kg);

Its not complete!


Declare the variables

price = quantity*price_per_kg;
printf(%d, price);

TK1913-C Programming

18

C Program: Calculate Price of Apples


void main() {

int quantity, price_per_kg, price;


scanf(%d,&quantity);

Well done ! Butwhat


are they?

scanf(%d,&price_per_kg);
price = quantity*price_per_kg;

printf(%d, price);
}
TK1913-C Programming

19

C Program: Calculate Price of Apples


Start

void main() {

Declaration

int quantity, price_per_kg, price;


scanf(%d,&quantity);
scanf(%d,&price_per_kg);

Input
Process

price = quantity*price_per_kg;
printf(%d, price);
}

End
TK1913-C Programming

Output
20

C Program: Calculate Price of Apples


void main() {

Chapter 4

int quantity, price_per_kg, price;


scanf(%d,&quantity);
scanf(%d,&price_per_kg);

Chapter 5
Chapter 6

price = quantity*price_per_kg;
printf(%d, price);
Chapter 5

}
TK1913-C Programming

21

Example 2
A car park has the following charges:
The 1st hour costs RM2.00. The subsequent hours
cost RM1.00 per hour. Write an algorithm based on
a vehicles entry and exit time.

Input
Entry_time
Exit_time

TK1913-C Programming

Process

Output

????

Charge

22

Flowchart: Calculate Car Park


Start
Charge
Input Entry_time
Input Exit_time
Period Exit_time Entry_time

Charge 2

No

Period > 1?

Yes

Charge 2 + (Period * 1)

Output
Charge
End
TK1913-C Programming

23

Flowchart: Calculate Car Park


Start
Charge
Input Entry_time
Input Exit_time

scanf(%d%d,&entry_time,&exit_time);

Period Exit_time Entry_time

Charge 2

No

Period > 1?

Output
Charge
End
TK1913-C Programming

Yes

period = exit_time entry_time;

Charge 2 + (Period * 1)
if (period > 1)
charge = 2 + ( period *1);
else
charge = 2;
printf(%d,charge);
24

C Program: Calculate Car Park


Charge void main() {
int entry_time, exit_time, period, charge;
scanf(%d%d,&entry_time,&exit_time);
period = exit_time entry_time;
if (period > 1)
charge = 2 + (period * 1);
else
charge = 2;

Chapter 7

printf(%d,charge);
TK1913-C Programming

25

Example 3
Write a program to calculate the average
mark of three TK1913s students.
Input
Mark A
Mark B
Mark C

TK1913-C Programming

Process

Output

????

Average_mark

THINK!!
26

Algorithm Development
Guidelines

Identify the input and output of the problem.


If necessary, use Divide & Conquer strategy
to decompose the problem into smaller and
manageable sub problems. Decompose the
problem until all the sub problems can be
solved to get the required results
For each sub problem, identify and list out the
steps involved in solving it
TK1913-C Programming

27

Something to ponder
What might be the
disadvantage of
flowchart?

TK1913-C Programming

28

Pseudocode

An outline of a program, written in a form that


can easily be converted into real programming
statements. It resembles the actual program that
will be implemented later. However, it cannot
be compiled nor executed.

Pseudocode normally codes the following


actions:
Initialisation of variables
Assignment of values to the variables
Arithmetic operations
Relational operations

TK1913-C Programming

29

Example of Pseudocode
1. Start
2. Read quantity
3. Read price_per_kg
4. price quantity * price_per_kg
5. Print price
6. End

TK1913-C Programming

30

Guidelines on Writing
Pseudocode
Refer to the handouts
in your manual . OK??

TK1913-C Programming

31

CFlow Demonstration

TK1913-C Programming

32

End of Lecture 2
Yes !! Thats all?
Whats next???

INTRODUCTION TO C
on the way
TK1913-C Programming

33

You might also like