Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Engineer

Plug-in Vehicles and the
Electric Grid
Mark Kapner, PE
Senior Strategy Engineer
Questions
1. How Many PHEVs Can the Power System
Accommodate without Additional Generating
Capacity ?
2. How does the Replacement of Conventional IC
Engine Vehicles by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse

Gas Emissions ?
3. How will Large-scale Deployment of PHEVs
Effect the Grid ?
Methodology to Answer Question 1

Estimate existing idle generation capacity in a NERC
region using a valley filling methodology
System load profile data from NERC and EIA
Simplified hourly load profiles to two 24 hour dispatches,
a typical summer and typical winter day
Simulate the economic dispatch of generators
Generation available to charge PHEVs = available capacity
minus generation dispatched to meet load.
Assumed that peaking plants are not used to charge PHEVs
Austin Energy
Generation
380
700
Natural Gas Combustion

Turbine
Natural Gas Steam
Combined cycle
300
Coal
600
400
Nuclear
Summer Day Typical Load

Profile
2500
Peakers
2000
Other Gas-fired
MW
1500
Comb Cycle
1000
Coal
500
Nuclear
0
1
10
11
12
13
hour ending
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Typical Winter Day

1600
1400
Comb Cycle
1200
MW
1000
Coal
800
600
400
Nuclear
200
0
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour Ending
NERC Map
Specific Energy and Energy Storage

Requirements by Vehicle Class
Vehicle Class
Specific Energy Battery

in kWh per mile Capacity
Compact
0.26
8.6
Mid-Size Sedan 0.30
9.9
Mid-size SUV
0.38
12.5
Full-size SUV
0.46
15.2
Conclusion
(assuming max 2 kW charging rate)
NERC Region
Technical Potential in Million PHEVs
ECAR
28.6
ERCOT
15.5
MACC
10.4
MAIN
13.1
MAPP
6.1
NPCC
15.6
FRCC
6.5
SERC
32.5
SPP
15.1
NWP
2.8
AZ & RMP
5.8
CNV
6.0
Total USA
158 million PHEVs
GreenHouse Gas Emissions
Grams of CO2 per km
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Conventional
Hybrid
PHEV - coal
PHEV - gas comb

cycle
Nitrogen Oxides Emissions

Grams per km
1
0.9
Grams of Nox per km
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Gasoline - avg
EV - coal
EV- nat gas
Gasoline
2007 model
ERCOT load Duration curve 2007
70000
60000
50000
40000
Wind
MW
31000
Coal
30000
24703
20000
nuclear
4860
10000
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
hours
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Findings
Valley Filling can charge approximately 75% of all
light duty vehicles in the US, if they were PHEVs

Potential Gasoline Displacement by PHEVs = 6.5
Million Bbls per Day (71% of total gasoline
consumption)
Assuming utilities have some control over when
charging occurs, PHEVs could increase minimum
system load, thus increase the utilization of baseload

units, and thereby increase utility profits (and/or reduce
electric rates).
Findings
PHEVs charging on todays coal-fired generation have about
33% lower GreenHouse Gas emissions per mile than conventional
vehicles, charging on gas-fired combined cycle, have about 78%
lower GHG emissions.
Deployment of PHEVs facilitates the introduction of more wind
energy in regions where wind generation is strong at night.

Distribution engineers have expressed concern that distribution
transformers may not be designed to sustain a constant high
loading without a daily cool down period.
Studies
Pacific NW National Laboratory: Impacts Assessment of PlugIn Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids
EPRI and NRDC: Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid
Vehicles
NREL: An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of
Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug-in Partners
Campaign
Mark Kapner
Senior Strategy Engineer
Austin Energy
GlobalCon 2008
The Perfect Storm

Economics
Cheap oil is running out

Environmental
Pressure to curb pollutants from transportation
National Security
Pressure to curb dependence on oil
Alternatives to
Petroleum
1. Energy Efficiency
2. Alternative Fuels
3. Hydrogen
4. Electricity
Electricity
Advantages
Cost
Infrastructure
Multiple Fuels
Renewable Energy
Emissions
Plug-In Hybrid Power

Train
Modest Electric Range

Large Impact
Nitrogen Oxides - grams

per km
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
EV - coal
EV -nat gas
gasoline avg
gasoline - new
Carbon Dioxide - grams

per km
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
EV - Wind
EV- Combined Cycle
EV- Coal
Gasoline - 30 mpg
The Dodge Plug-In Hybrid

Sprinter
University of California at
Davis
GMs Chevy Volt

Unveiled as a concept
car at the January
Detroit Auto Show, the
Chevy Volt would
range 40 all electric
miles, then a three
cylinder gasoline
engine recharges the
electric battery.
GMs Saturn VUE
GM announced at the
November 2006 L.A.
Auto Show that it will
produce a plug-in
version of its Saturn
VUE.
Ford Airstream
Unveiled as a concept
vehicle at the Detroit
Auto Show in January,
the Ford Airstream uses
a small hydrogen fuel cell
to recharge the battery.
Volvo C30
The Volvo C30 will
be similar to GMs
E-flex platform for
the Volt and will
have a small diesel
engine to recharge
the battery.
Prius+
Plug-In Austin
Purpose: Demonstrate a market
for flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles
Austin Energy rebates
City of Austin and other local

government and business fleet
orders
Petitions and endorsements from
Plug-In Partners
Campaign
Purpose: Demonstrate a national
market for flexible-fuel plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles
Coalition: Local and state
governments, utilities, businesses
and non-profit organizations
Actions: Soft fleet orders,

endorsements, rebates and
Ways to Help as a Partner

1. Obtain soft fleet orders from local
government and businesses.
2. Create incentives and rebates
3. Support a Petition Drive
4. Consider recruiting other entities in
your region
A Unique Coalition
I call this a coalition between the treehuggers, the do-gooders, the sodbusters, the cheap hawks, and the
evangelicals.
James Woolsey, former CIA Director at January 24, 2006
Plug-In Partners Kickoff
Plug-in Partners
Campaign
www.PlugInPartners.
org
Mark.Kapner@Austinener
gy.com
Cities
Arlington, TX
Austin, TX
Baltimore, MD
Boston, MA
Boulder, CO
Corpus Christi, TX
Dallas, TX
Denton, TX
Denver, CO
Edmond, OK
Fort Worth, TX
Irvine, CA
Los Angeles, CA
Madison, WI
Counties and Local Governments

Austin Community College, TX
California State Controller
Port of Chelan County, WA
Sarasota County, FL
Travis County, TX
Wenatchee Valley Trans. Council
Biofuel Organizations
American Corn Growers Association, DC
Soybean Producers of America, DC
Non-Profits
American Lung Association, TX
Americans for Energy Independence, CA
Apollo Alliance, WA
Association of Energy Engineers, TX
Association of Energy Engineers (Local Chapter, TX), TX
Austin/San Antonio Chapter of the Association of Energy Engineers, TX
Citizens for Rideable Communities, WA
Colorado Energy Group, CO
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), CA
Electric Auto Association, CA
Electric Vehicle Association - San Jose, CA
Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers, TX
Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers (IEEE), TX
Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA), MA
NY State Energy & Research Development Agency (NYSERDA), NY
Public Technology Institute, DC
Seattle Electric Vehicle Association, WA
Sun Day Campaign, MD
Travis County Green Party, TX
Veridian Corporation
National/Local Environmental Groups

Alliance to Save Energy, DC
American Council on Renewable Energy
Blue Water Network (a division of Friends of
the Earth), CA
California Cars Initiative, CA
Clean Air Coalition, TX
Clean Air Council, PA
Clean Air Force of Central Texas, TX
Colorado Energy Group, CO
Community Clean Water Institute, CA
Earth Policy Institute, DC
Electric Vehicle Association of Greater DC, DC
Energy Future Coalition, DC
Environmental and Energy Study Institute
(EESI), DC
Green Strategies, Inc., DC
Institute for Environmental Research and
Education (IERE), WA
Plug-in America
Stella Group, Ltd., DC
Sustainable Dallas, TX
National Security Organizations
Set America Free Coalition

Center for American Progress
Institute for the Analysis of Global Security
National Utility Associations
American Public Power Association

Edison Electric Institute
Public Power Utilities
Austin Energy
Memphis Light and Gas
Akron Municipal Utility, OH
Alameda Power & Telecom, CA
American Municipal Power-Ohio
American Samoa Power Authority (Pago Pago, AS)
Anaheim Public Utilities, CA
Arcadia Electric Utility, WI
Arizona Municipal Power Users Association
Austin Utilities, MN
Public Power Utilities (contd)
Barnesville Municipal Power, MN

Beach City Board of Public Affairs, OH
Benton PUD (Kennewick, WA)
Bowling Green Municipal Utilities, KY
Braintree Electric Light Department, MA.
Brigham City Corp., UT
Bristol Virginia Utilities
Buffalo Municipal Service, MN
Burbank Water & Power, CA
Cavalier Light & Power Plant, ND
Cedarburg Light & Water Commission, WI
Chelan County PUD, WA
City of Batavia, IL
City of Bentonville, AR
City of Camilla, GA
City of Chanute Utility, KS
City of Columbiana Public Utility, OH
City of Edmond Utility, OK
City of Gunnison Public Utility, CO

City of Holdrege, NE
City of Lake City Electric Utility, MN
City of Lamar Utility, MO
City of Mansfield, GA
City of Mesa Electric Utility, AZ
City of Naperville Dept. of Public Utilities, IL
City of Redding Electric Utility, CA
City of Safford, AZ
City of St. Charles Utility, IL
City Utilities of Springfield, MO
Clark Public Utility (Vancouver, WA)
Clarksville Dept. of Electricity, TN
Clintonville Water & Electric Plant, WI
Columbia Power & Water Systems, TN
Concord Municipal Light Plant, MA
Cowlitz County PUD (Longview, WA)
CPS Energy (San Antonio, TX)
Cumberland Municipal Utility, WI

Cuyahoga Falls Electric Dept., OH
Danvers Electric Division, MA
Danville Dept. Utilities, VA
Douglas County PUD (East Wenatchee, WA)
Emerald Peoples Utility District (Eugene, OR)
Energy Northwest (Richland, WA)
Erwin Utilities, TN
Farmington Electric Utility System, NM
Frankfort Electric & Water Plant Board, KY
Freeport Electric, NY
Gainesville Regional Utility, FL
Garland Power & Light, TX
Hagerstown Municipal Light Dept., IN
Heber Light & Power Co., UT
Imperial Irrigation District
Independence Light & Power, IA
Indianola Municipal Utilities, IA
Jackson Utilities & Public Works, MO
Public Power Utilities
Kansas City Board of Public Utilities, KS

Kaukauna Utilities, WI
Kirkwood Electric Department, MO
Klickitat County PUD, Goldendale, WA
Lakeland Electric, FL
Lebanon Utilities, IN
Lewes Board of Public Works, DE
Lewis County PUD (Chehalis, WA)
Lodi Electric, CA
Long Island Power Authority
Loup River Public Power District (Columbus, NE)
Lower Colorado River Authority
MA. Municipal Wholesale Electric Company
Maquoketa Municipal Electric Utility, IA
McMinnville Electric System, TN
McMinnville Water & Light, OR
Meade Municipal Plant, KS
Monmouth Power & Light, OR
Murray City Power (Murray, UT)

Nebraska Public Power District (Columbus, NE)
New York Power Authority
Omaha Public Power
Pacific County PUD No. 2 (Raymond, WA)
Paducah Power System, KY
Paris Board of Public Utilities, TN
Pasadena Water & Power, CA
Pend Oreille County PUD (Newport, WA)
Piedmont Municipal Power Agency (Greer, SC)
Princeton Municipal Utility, NJ
Red Cloud Municipal Electric Dept., NE
Rochester Public Utility, MN
Rock Falls Electric Dept., IL
Rock Hill Utilities, SC
Roseville Electric, CA
Sacramento Municipal Utility District
Salt River Project (Phoenix, AZ)
Scottsboro Electric Power Board, AL
Seattle City Light, WA

Shelby Division of Electricity & Telecommunications, OH
Snohomish County PUD (Everett, WA)
Solvay Electric Dept., NY
Southern California Public Power Authority (Pasadena)
Spencerport Electric Dept., NY
Stephen Municipal Utilities, MN
Stoughton Utilities, WI
Tell City Electric Dept., IN
Town of Haxtun, CO
Truckee-Donner PUD (Truckee, CA)
Utilities Plus/CMMPA (Blue Earth, MN)
Vermont Public Power Supply Authority
Village of Paw Paw (Paw Paw, MI)
Village of Rouses Point, NY
Wadsworth Electric and Communications, OH
Washington Public Utility District Association (Olympia)
Watertown Municipal Utilities, SD
Waverly Light & Power, IA
Willmar Municipal Utilities Comm., MN
Wisconsin Public Power Inc. (Sun Prairie, WI)

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Plug-in Vehicles and the

Engine Vehicles by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse

Methodology to Answer Question 1

Natural Gas Combustion

Summer Day Typical Load

Typical Winter Day

Specific Energy and Energy Storage

Specific Energy Battery

Mid-Size Sedan 0.30

Technical Potential in Million PHEVs

158 million PHEVs

GreenHouse Gas Emissions

Grams of CO2 per km

PHEV - gas comb

Nitrogen Oxides Emissions

Grams of Nox per km

ERCOT load Duration curve 2007

light duty vehicles in the US, if they were PHEVs

system load, thus increase the utilization of baseload

energy in regions where wind generation is strong at night.

The Perfect Storm

Cheap oil is running out

Pressure to curb pollutants from transportation

Plug-In Hybrid Power

Modest Electric Range

Nitrogen Oxides - grams

Carbon Dioxide - grams

The Dodge Plug-In Hybrid

GMs Chevy Volt

GMs Saturn VUE

City of Austin and other local

Actions: Soft fleet orders,

Ways to Help as a Partner

Counties and Local Governments

National/Local Environmental Groups

National Security Organizations

Set America Free Coalition

National Utility Associations

American Public Power Association

Public Power Utilities

Public Power Utilities (contd)

Barnesville Municipal Power, MN

Public Power Utilities (contd)

City of Gunnison Public Utility, CO

Public Power Utilities (contd)

Public Power Utilities

Kansas City Board of Public Utilities, KS

Public Power Utilities (contd)

Public Power Utilities (contd)

Seattle City Light, WA

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