Introduction to C Programming
Outline
2.1
Introduction
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
2.4
Memory Concepts
2.5
Arithmetic in C
2.6
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.1
Introduction
C programming language
Structured and disciplined approach to program design
Structured programming
Introduced in chapters 3 and 4
Used throughout the remainder of the book
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of
Text
/* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c
A first program in C */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
return 0;
}
Welcome to C!
Comments
Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer
Used to describe program
#include <stdio.h>
Preprocessor directive - tells computer to load contents of a certain file
<stdio.h> allows standard input/output operations
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of
Text (II)
int main()
C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of
which must be main
Parenthesis used to indicate a function
int means that main "returns" an integer value
Braces indicate a block
The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of
Text (III)
printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
Instructs computer to perform an action
Specifically, prints string of characters within quotes
Entire line called a statement
All statements must end with a semicolon
\ - escape character
Indicates that printf should do something out of the
ordinary
\n is the newline character
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of
Text (IV)
return 0;
A way to exit a function
return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated
normally
Right brace }
Indicates end of main has been reached
Linker
When a function is called, linker locates it in the library
Inserts it into object program
If function name misspelled, linker will spot error because it
cannot find function in library
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
/* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c
2
3
Outline
Addition program */
#include <stdio.h>
4
5
int main()
1. Initialize variables
int integer1, integer2, sum;
/* declaration */
2. Input
printf( "Enter first integer\n" );
/* prompt */
2.1 Sum
10
scanf( "%d", &integer1 );
/* read an integer */
11
printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /* prompt */
12
scanf( "%d", &integer2 );
/* read an integer */
13
sum = integer1 + integer2;
/* assignment of sum */
14
printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
/* print sum */
8
9
3. Print
15
16
return 0;
/* indicate that program ended successfully */
17 }
Enter first integer
45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Program Output
2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding
Two Integers
As before
Comments, #include <stdio.h> and main
int integer1, integer2, sum;
Declaration of variables
Variables: locations in memory where a value can be stored
int means the variables can hold integers (-1, 3, 0, 47)
integer1, integer2, sum - variable names (identifiers)
Identifiers: consist of letters, digits (cannot begin with a digit),
and underscores, case sensitive
Declarations appear before executable statements
If not, syntax (compile) error
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding
Two Integers (II)
scanf( "%d", &integer1 );
Obtains value from user
scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)
This scanf has two arguments
%d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
&integer1 - location in memory to store variable
& is confusing in beginning - just remember to include it with
the variable name in scanf statements
It will be discussed later
User responds to scanf by typing in number, then pressing
the enter (return) key
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding
Two Integers (III)
= (assignment operator )
Assigns value to a variable
Binary operator (has two operands)
sum = variable1 + variable2;
sum gets variable1 + variable2;
Variable receiving value on left
printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
Similar to scanf - %d means decimal integer will be printed
sum specifies what integer will be printed
Calculations can be performed inside printf statements
printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.4 Memory Concepts
Variables
Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory.
Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value.
Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through scanf,
for example), it replaces (and destroys) previous value
Reading variables from memory does not change them
A visual representation
integer1
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
45
2.5
Arithmetic
Arithmetic calculations are used in most programs
Use * for multiplication and / for division
Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
Modulus operator returns the remainder
7 % 5 evaluates to 2
Operator precedence
Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e., multiplication
before addition)
Use parenthesis when needed
Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c
Do not use: a + b + c / 3
Use: (a + b + c ) / 3
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.5
Arithmetic operators:
C o p era tio n
Arithm etic
o p era to r
Alg eb ra ic
exp ressio n
C exp ressio n
Addition
f+7
f + 7
Subtraction
pc
p - c
bm
b * m
Division
*
/
x/y
x / y
Modulus
r mod s
r % s
Multiplication
Arithmetic (II)
Rules of operator precedence:
Operator(s)
Operation(s)
Order of evaluation (precedence)
()
Parentheses
Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or %
Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus
evaluated left to right.
+ or -
Addition
Subtraction
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
evaluated left to right.
2.6
Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
Executable statements
Perform actions (calculations, input/output of data)
Perform decisions
May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of a test grade
if control structure
Simple version in this section, more detail later
If a condition is true, then the body of the if statement executed
0 is false, non-zero is true
Control always resumes after the if structure
Keywords
Special words reserved for C
Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.6
Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators (II)
Standard algebraic equality
operator or
relational operator
C++ equality
or relational
operator
Example
of C++
condition
Meaning of
C++ condition
>
>
x>y
<
<
x<y
x is greater than y
x is less than y
_
>
>=
x >= y
_
<
<=
x <= y
x is greater than or equal to
y
x is less than or equal to y
==
!=
x == y
x != y
x is equal to y
x is not equal to y
Relational operators
Equality operators
=
=
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.6
Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators (III)
Keyw ord s
auto
double
int
struct
break
case
char
const
continue
default
do
else
enum
extern
float
for
goto
if
long
register
return
short
signed
sizeof
static
switch
typedef
union
unsigned
void
volatile
while
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
/* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c
Outline
Using if statements, relational
operators, and equality operators */
#include <stdio.h>
5
6
int main()
1. Declare variables
int num1, num2;
2. Input
10
printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" );
2.1 if statements
11
printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " );
12
scanf( "%d%d", &num1, &num2
8
9
);
/* read two integers */
3. Print
13
14
15
if ( num1 == num2 )
printf( "%d is equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
16
17
18
if ( num1 != num2 )
printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
19
20
21
if ( num1 < num2 )
printf( "%d is less than %d\n", num1, num2 );
22
23
24
if ( num1 > num2 )
printf( "%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2 );
25
26
27
if ( num1 <= num2 )
printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n",
Inc. Allnum2
rights reserved.
28 2000 Prentice Hall,num1,
);
29
30
if ( num1 >= num2 )
31
Outline
printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n",
32
num1, num2 );
33
34
return 0;
3.1 Exit main
/* indicate program ended successfully */
35 }
Enter two integers, and I will tell you
the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7
Enter two integers, and I will tell you
the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Program Output
