Introduction to C Programming

Outline
2.1
Introduction
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
2.4
Memory Concepts
2.5
Arithmetic in C
2.6
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.1

Introduction

C programming language
Structured and disciplined approach to program design

Structured programming
Introduced in chapters 3 and 4
Used throughout the remainder of the book

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of

Text

/* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

A first program in C */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
return 0;
}

Welcome to C!

Comments
Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer
Used to describe program

#include <stdio.h>
Preprocessor directive - tells computer to load contents of a certain file
<stdio.h> allows standard input/output operations
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.2

A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of

Text (II)

int main()
C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of
which must be main
Parenthesis used to indicate a function
int means that main "returns" an integer value
Braces indicate a block
The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.2

A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of

Text (III)

printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );

Instructs computer to perform an action
Specifically, prints string of characters within quotes

Entire line called a statement

All statements must end with a semicolon

\ - escape character
Indicates that printf should do something out of the
ordinary
\n is the newline character

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.2

A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of

Text (IV)

return 0;
A way to exit a function
return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated
normally

Right brace }
Indicates end of main has been reached

Linker
When a function is called, linker locates it in the library
Inserts it into object program
If function name misspelled, linker will spot error because it
cannot find function in library
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

/* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c

2
3

Outline

Addition program */
#include <stdio.h>

4
5

int main()

1. Initialize variables

int integer1, integer2, sum;

/* declaration */

2. Input

printf( "Enter first integer\n" );

/* prompt */

2.1 Sum

10

scanf( "%d", &integer1 );

/* read an integer */

11

printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /* prompt */

12

scanf( "%d", &integer2 );

/* read an integer */

13

sum = integer1 + integer2;

/* assignment of sum */

14

printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );

/* print sum */

8
9

3. Print

15
16

return 0;

/* indicate that program ended successfully */

17 }

Enter first integer

45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Program Output

2.3

Another Simple C Program: Adding

Two Integers

As before
Comments, #include <stdio.h> and main

int integer1, integer2, sum;

Declaration of variables
Variables: locations in memory where a value can be stored
int means the variables can hold integers (-1, 3, 0, 47)
integer1, integer2, sum - variable names (identifiers)
Identifiers: consist of letters, digits (cannot begin with a digit),
and underscores, case sensitive
Declarations appear before executable statements
If not, syntax (compile) error

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.3

Another Simple C Program: Adding

Two Integers (II)

scanf( "%d", &integer1 );

Obtains value from user
scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)

This scanf has two arguments

%d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
&integer1 - location in memory to store variable
& is confusing in beginning - just remember to include it with
the variable name in scanf statements
It will be discussed later

User responds to scanf by typing in number, then pressing

the enter (return) key

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.3

Another Simple C Program: Adding

Two Integers (III)

= (assignment operator )
Assigns value to a variable
Binary operator (has two operands)
sum = variable1 + variable2;
sum gets variable1 + variable2;

Variable receiving value on left

printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );

Similar to scanf - %d means decimal integer will be printed
sum specifies what integer will be printed

Calculations can be performed inside printf statements

printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.4 Memory Concepts

Variables
Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory.
Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value.
Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through scanf,
for example), it replaces (and destroys) previous value
Reading variables from memory does not change them

A visual representation

integer1

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

45

2.5

Arithmetic

Arithmetic calculations are used in most programs

Use * for multiplication and / for division

Integer division truncates remainder

7 / 5 evaluates to 1
Modulus operator returns the remainder
7 % 5 evaluates to 2

Operator precedence
Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e., multiplication
before addition)
Use parenthesis when needed

Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c

Do not use: a + b + c / 3
Use: (a + b + c ) / 3
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.5

Arithmetic operators:
C o p era tio n

Arithm etic
o p era to r

Alg eb ra ic
exp ressio n

C exp ressio n

Addition

f+7

f + 7

Subtraction

pc

p - c

bm

b * m

Division

*
/

x/y

x / y

Modulus

r mod s

r % s

Multiplication

Arithmetic (II)

Rules of operator precedence:

Operator(s)

Operation(s)

Order of evaluation (precedence)

()

Parentheses

Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the

expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.

*, /, or %

Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re

Modulus
evaluated left to right.

+ or -

Addition
Subtraction

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluated last. If there are several, they are

evaluated left to right.

2.6

Decision Making: Equality and

Relational Operators

Executable statements
Perform actions (calculations, input/output of data)
Perform decisions
May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of a test grade

if control structure
Simple version in this section, more detail later
If a condition is true, then the body of the if statement executed
0 is false, non-zero is true

Control always resumes after the if structure

Keywords
Special words reserved for C
Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.6

Decision Making: Equality and

Relational Operators (II)

Standard algebraic equality

operator or
relational operator

C++ equality
or relational
operator

Example
of C++
condition

Meaning of
C++ condition

>

>

x>y

<

<

x<y

x is greater than y
x is less than y

_
>

>=

x >= y

_
<

<=

x <= y

x is greater than or equal to

y
x is less than or equal to y

==
!=

x == y
x != y

x is equal to y
x is not equal to y

Relational operators

Equality operators
=
=

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2.6

Decision Making: Equality and

Relational Operators (III)

Keyw ord s
auto

double

int

struct

break
case
char
const
continue
default
do

else
enum
extern
float
for
goto
if

long
register
return
short
signed
sizeof
static

switch
typedef
union
unsigned
void
volatile
while

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

/* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c

Outline

Using if statements, relational

operators, and equality operators */

#include <stdio.h>

5
6

int main()

1. Declare variables

int num1, num2;

2. Input

10

printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" );

2.1 if statements

11

printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " );

12

scanf( "%d%d", &num1, &num2

8
9

);

/* read two integers */

3. Print

13
14
15

if ( num1 == num2 )
printf( "%d is equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );

16
17
18

if ( num1 != num2 )
printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );

19
20
21

if ( num1 < num2 )

printf( "%d is less than %d\n", num1, num2 );

22
23
24

if ( num1 > num2 )

printf( "%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2 );

25
26
27

if ( num1 <= num2 )

printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n",

Inc. Allnum2
rights reserved.
28 2000 Prentice Hall,num1,
);

29
30

if ( num1 >= num2 )

31

Outline

printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n",

32

num1, num2 );

33
34

return 0;

3.1 Exit main

/* indicate program ended successfully */

35 }

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Program Output