TRANSMISSION TOWER

Tarun Aggarwal, Larsen and Toubro ,Saudi LCC

Tarun Aggarwal 1
2 Tarun Aggarwal
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Power in UAE..?
Production capacity 18.74 GW. (lack in peak seasonal times)
Lack of natural gas
Gulf Cooperation Council UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia & Oman
GCC began region-wide power grid demand
UAE has no spare power capacity
Phase 3 of GCC grid to southern system of UAE
In Dec2009 $20 billion contract to Korean Electric Power 4 nuclear reactors
1
st
reactor may 2017 each reactor 1400 MW




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Electric power transmission..?
The bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power
plants to substations
Power is usually transmitted through overhead power lines
Underground power transmission has a significantly higher cost
and greater operational limitations - urban & sensitive areas
Overhead Power lines..?
An electric power transmission line suspended by
towers
It is the lowest-cost method of transmission for large
quantities of electric energy (most of insulation by air)
The bare wire conductors on the line are generally
made of aluminum

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Transmission tower..?
Tall structure usually a Steel lattice tower, used
to support an overhead power line
Electricity pylon UK & parts of Europe
Ironman Australia
Hydro tower in parts of Canada
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TOWER GEOMENTRY
ANATOMY
BRACINGS
EXTENSIONS
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Tower Anatomy
Peak - supports G.W
Cage - b/w peak & tower
body
Cross Arm - Support
Conductor/G.W
Boom supports power
conductors (horizontal)
Tower body main portion,
connects cage/boom to
foundation/(leg/body
)extensions

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Bracings
Provided for interconnecting the legs
To afford desired slenderness ratio for economical tower
design
Framing angle b/w bracings & main leg members shall not
be < 15 degree
Patterns are
a) Single web system
b) Double web or warren system
c) Pratt system
d) Portal system
e) Diamond Bracing system
f) Multiple Bracing System

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1.Struts are designed
in compression &
Diagonals in tension
2.NARROW BASE
3.66Kv single circuit
1.Tension diagonal
give eff.support to
compression one @
pt of connections
2.Used in both large
and small towers
1.Shear carried by
diagonal member(t)
2.Large deflection
under heavy loads
3.Unequal shears at
top of four stubs for
design
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1.1half of Horizontal
member in T &
another C
2.Advantageous to
use it in BOTTOM
panel
3.Extensions &
Heavy river crossing
1. Similar to waran
system
2.Horizontal member
carry no primary
loads designed as
redundant supports
1.Increse in strenght
reducing member
sizes
2.Increase in No.of
bolts, fabrication &
erection cost,
3.Overal reduction in
Wt & cost of steel
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Tower Extension
Body Extension
Leg Extension
Body Extension
Used to Increase the height of tower to obtain the reqd min Ground clearance & over
road crossings, river crossings, ground obstacles
Body extensions upto 7.5m height in steps 2.5m can be used & thus form a part of
standard tower
Extensions having greater heights (25m) the suitability is checked by reducing span
length and angle of deviation. Practice in tower industry is also to specify negative body
extension (portion of tower body is truncated)
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Leg Extension
Tower Leg extensions are required when the tower was spotted in the undulated
surface / Hilly terrain.
While spotting the tower locations in hilly areas requires more benching or revetment
or both are involved , but suitable hill side (leg extensions) can be used to minimize
benching or revetment or both.
Two types of Leg extension :
i) Universal leg extension
ii) Individual leg extension
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Types of Tower
5) No. of Circuits
Single Circuit
Double Circuit
Multi-Circuit
6) Deviation Angle.
Ranges from 0 to 90 deg.
1) Type of Insulator
Suspension
Tension/Dead end
Transposition
2) Type of Support
Self Supporting
Guyed
3) Shape at the base
Square
Rectangle
4) kV Rating.
Ranges from 33 to 1200
kV
HVDC

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EDRC-TL Design
Vertical Configuration Horizontal Configuration
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Tension Tower
Suspension Tower
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Guy Towers
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Conductor Configuration
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66 kv 132 kv 220 kv 400 kv
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66 kv 132 kv 220 kv 400 kv
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Tower Nomenclature
Sr.
No.
Nomenclature Deviation Remark
1 A/DA/S/SLC/T0/TDL/QA/SA/V 0-2
0
Suspension Tower
2 B/DB/AT/DLB/TD2/QB/X 0-30
0

Used Small angle tower.
Used as a Section Tower
3 C/DC/BAT/DLC/TD3/QC/CZ 30-60
Used as Medium Angle
Tower
Used as a Transposition
4 D/DD/BAT/DE/TD6/TDT/QD/DE
60-
90
0
/Dead
End
Used as a large angle Tower
Used as a Dead End
Tower
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Height of Tower Structure
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4 3 2 1 h h h h H
Height of tower is determine by-
h
1
=Minimum permissible ground clearance
h
2
=Maximum sag
h
3
=Vertical spacing between conductors
h
4
=Vertical clearance between earth wire
and top conductor
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ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
Sr.
No
Type of Clearance 132 kV 220 kV 400 kV 765 kV
1 Ground Clearance 6.1 m 7.0 m 8.84 m 15.5 m
2 Live Metal Clearance in mm Swing
132 /
220
400 /
765
Suspension insulator 15 15 1530 1980 3050 4400 (25)
30 30 1370 1830 1860 1300 (55)

45 - 1220 1675 -
60 1070 - -
Tension Insulator 0 0 1530 2130 3050
Jumper 10 20 1530 2130 3050 4400

20 40 1070 1675 1860 1300
30 - 1070 - - -
3 Mid Span Clearance (m) 6.1 8.5 9.0 12.4
4 Shielding Angle (Deg) 30 30 20 20
5 Phase to Phase Clearance Vertical 3.9 m 4.9 m
Horizontal 6.8 m 8.4 m
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Right of Way :
Sr.
No
Type of Clearance 132 kV 220 kV 400 kV 765 kV
1 ROW width
27 m 35 m 52 m 85 m
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DESIGN PARAMETERS
Transmission Voltage
Number Of Circuits
Climatic Conditions
Environmental and Ecological Consideration
Conductor
Earth Wire
Insulators
Span
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Economic Voltage of Transmission of Power



E = Transmission voltage (KV) (L-L).
L = Distance of transmission line in KM
KVA=Power to be transferred 150 6 . 1
5 . 5
KVA L
E
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Conductor
Aluminum is used
it has about half the weight of copper for the
same resistance, as well as being cheaper
Types:
AAC : All Aluminium conductors.
AAAC : All Aluminium Alloy conductors
ACSR : Aluminium conductors, Steel-Reinforced
ACAR : Aluminium conductor, Alloy-Reinforced

Bundle conductors are used to reduce corona
loses & audible noise
It consists of several conductors cables
connected by non-conducting spacers
It is used to increase the amount of current
that may be carried in line
As a disadvantage, the bundle conductors
have higher wind loading
Spacers must resist the forces due to wind,
and magnetic forces during a short-circuit

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spacers
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Earth Wire
Earth wire provided above the phase conductor across the line and
grounded at every tower.
It shield the line conductor from direct strokes
Reduces voltage stress across the insulating strings during lightning strokes
Galvanized steel earth wires are used
Aerial marker balls (>600mm dia) (Red, Orange, White)
Shield angle
25-30 up to 220 KV
20 for 400 KV and above


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Insulators
Insulator are required to support the line
conductor and provide clearance from
ground and structure.
Insulator material-
High grade Electrical Porcelain
Toughened Glass
Fiber Glass
Type of Insulator-
Disc Type
Strut Type
Long Rod Insulator



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Insulator Strings
Disc insulator are joint by their ball
pins and socket in their caps to form
string.
No of insulator disc is decided by
system voltage, switching and lighting
over voltage amplitude and pollution
level.
Insulator string can be used either
suspension or tension.
Two suspension string in parallel
used at railways, road and river
crossing as statutory requirement.
Swing of suspension string due to
wind has to be taken into consider.

single string
Double string
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Design Span lengths
1.Basic Span
Most economic span
Line is designed over level ground
The requisite ground clearance is obtained
at maximum specified temperature
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2.Ruling Span
Assumed design span that will produce,
between dead ends
It is used to calculate the horizontal
component of tension (which is applied to all
spans b/w anchor pts)
Tower spotting on the profile is done by
means of sag template, (which is based on
ruling span)
Ruling span = ( L1^3 + L2^3 +.+L6^3 / L1 + L2 + + L6)
3.Average Span
Mean span length between dead ends
It is assumed that the conductor is
freely suspended such that each
individual span reacts to change in
tension as a single average span
Average span = (L1+ L2+...+L6) /6
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4.Wind Span
5.Weight Span
Horizontal distance between the
lowest point of conductor, on the two
spans adjacent to the tower
The lowest point is defined as point
at which the tangent to sag curve
It is used in design of cross-arms
Half the sum of the two spans,
adjacent to support
It is assumed that the conductor is
freely suspended such that each
individual span reacts to change in
tension as a single average span
Wind span = 0.5(L1 + L2)
Weight span = a1 + a2
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Determination of Base Width
The base width(at the concrete level) is the distance between the centre of
gravity at one corner leg and the centre of gravity of the adjacent corner
leg.
A particular base width which gives the minimum total cost of the tower and
foundations.






The ratio of base width to total tower height for most towers is generally
about one-fifth to one-tenth.




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Ryle
Formula
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Determination of Weight of tower
Rough approximation
From knowledge of the positions of conductors & ground wire above ground level
& overturning moments
Ryle gives empirical formula in term of its height & maximum overturning moment
at base
132 kv 1.7 metric tones
220 kv 2.5 metric tones
400 kv 7.7 metric tones
765 kv 14 metric tones
Approximate values
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LOADINGS

Loads are applied in all three directions namely Transverse ( FX ),
Vertical ( FY) and Longitudinal (FZ) direction.
Transverse loads consists of
Wind on Conductor
Wind on Insulator
Component of Wire Tension in Transverse Direction
(Deviation Load)
Wind on Tower Body

Vertical Load consists of
Weight of Wire
Weight of Insulator
Weight of Line man & Tools
Self Weight of Tower

Longitudinal Load Consist of
Component of Unbalanced pull of the wire in the
longitudinal direction.

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Loads on Tower
Normal Condition
Broken Wire Condition
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Loads are calculated as per the guide lines furnished in
specification/standard.
Standards for Calculation of Loads
IS 802 1977
IS 802 1995
DIN VDE 0210
ASCE Manual
IEC 826
The loads are calculated for following Conditions.
Reliability / Working condition
Security / Broken wire condition
Safety / Erection & maintenance Condition

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ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Analysis is carried out by finite element software
STAAD
Required FOS is provided in input file to find out ultimate
force
The critical compression and tension in each member
group is found out
Members and Connections are designed for these forces.
Iterations are carried out for the optimum usage of tower.
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FOUNDATION
It costs 10-30 % of overall cost of
tower
It is the last step in designing process
but precedes the construction
Overload factors assumed in designs
are 2.2 under Normal condition & 1.65
under broken-wire conditions
Data's for foundation design
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0.5 to 2m dia
Shaft depth 3 to 15m
Skin friction between
ground & shaft resists
uplift
Used in usa,
acceptance for wide
use in India
Uplift loads are
resisted by undistrube
material
Develop uplift load of
2 to 3times that of an
iidentical footing
without undercut
Non-cohesive soil
For non-cohesive soils
such as uncemented
sand or gravel
Provide pad footing
without undercut
Usually followed in
INDIA at present
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Adopted in firm
cohesive soils
Undercut on the pads
Experience shows that
this type of footing
develop resistance to
uplift 2 to 3 times that
given footing without
undercut
Hybrid design
Large uplift force are
to be resisted
SBC is low
Augered footing with
more than one bulb is
used to increase the
uplift capacity
35m long under
reamed to 2.5 times
dia of shaft
Clayey black cotton
soils & medium dense
sandy soils
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In usa ,canada
Steel corroded,
periodic excavation &
maintanence
Medium dry sand, clay
or sandy caly soils (no
special precautions
necessary)
The steel is treated
with one coat of
bituminous paint &
top coat of asphalt
Suitable in areas with
rock out crop
Based on uplift, the
anchor be single bar
or group of bars
welded to tower leg
Vertical bars below
stub angle form cage
for footing
Grouted to a depth of
about 50 times dia
into the rock
Special circumstances
River crossing towers
& towers on
embankments
The raft at bottom
makes the foundation
substantially rigid to
minimize differential
settlement
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Raft foundation
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Pyramid chimney type foundation

Important steps in tower
erection
The stubs are set with the help
of stub setting templates
Excavated pits are lean
concreted to correct level
Stubs are placed on lean
concrete pad
Alignment is carried by four
plumb bobs hung from centre of
the horizontal bracing
If any pit over excavated by
mistake, the extra depth should
be filled by concreting
After the stub is set, the heel
distance of four faces of the
tower and two diagonals should
be checked
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Stub-setting
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