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Introduction To Nondestructive Testing

This document introduces nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. It defines NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without causing harm. The six most common NDT methods are described as visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and X-ray testing. NDT methods are used to inspect materials and components during various stages of production and use, such as inspecting raw products, inspecting after secondary processing, and inspecting for in-service damage.

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Anadipal Bantra
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129 views22 pages

Introduction To Nondestructive Testing

This document introduces nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. It defines NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without causing harm. The six most common NDT methods are described as visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and X-ray testing. NDT methods are used to inspect materials and components during various stages of production and use, such as inspecting raw products, inspecting after secondary processing, and inspecting for in-service damage.

Uploaded by

Anadipal Bantra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Nondestructive

Testing
Outline
Introduction to NDT
Overview of Six Most
Common NDT Methods
Selected Applications
The use of
noninvasive
techniques to
determine
the integrity of a
material,
component or
structure
or
quantitatively
measure
some characteristic
of
an object.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.
Definition of NDT
Methods of NDT
Visual Testing Thermography
Tap Testing Magnetic Particle
X-ray Acoustic Microscopy
Acoustic Emission Liquid Penetrant
Ultrasonic Replication
Flux Leakage Eddy Current
Microwave Laser Interferometry
Magnetic Measurements




What are Some Uses
of NDE Methods?
Flaw Detection and Evaluation
Leak Detection
Location Determination
Dimensional Measurements
Structure and Microstructure Characterization
Estimation of Mechanical and Physical
Properties
Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response
Measurements
Material Sorting and Chemical Composition
Determination

Fluorescent penetrant indication
When are NDE Methods Used?
To assist in product development
To screen or sort incoming materials
To monitor, improve or control manufacturing processes
To verify proper processing such as heat treating
To verify proper assembly
To inspect for in-service damage
There are NDE application at almost any stage
in the production or life cycle of a component.
Six Most Common NDT
Methods
Visual
Liquid Penetrant
Magnetic
Ultrasonic
Eddy Current
X-ray

Most basic and common
inspection method.

Tools include
fiberscopes,
borescopes, magnifying
glasses and mirrors.
Robotic crawlers permit
observation in hazardous or
tight areas, such as air
ducts, reactors, pipelines.
Portable video inspection
unit with zoom allows
inspection of large tanks
and vessels, railroad tank
cars, sewer lines.
Visual Inspection
A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics
is applied to the surface of the part and allowed
time to seep into surface breaking defects.
The excess liquid is removed from the surface
of the part.
A developer (powder) is applied to pull the
trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it
on the surface where it can be seen.
Visual inspection is the final step in the
process. The penetrant used is often loaded
with a fluorescent dye and the inspection is
done under UV light to increase test
sensitivity.
Liquid Penetrant Inspection
Magnetic Particle Inspection
The part is
magnetized. Finely
milled iron particles
coated with a dye
pigment are then
applied to the
specimen. These
particles are
attracted to
magnetic flux
leakage fields and
will cluster to form
an indication
directly over the
discontinuity. This
indication can be
visually detected
under proper
lighting conditions.
Magnetic Particle Crack
Indications

Radiography
The radiation used in radiography
testing is a higher energy (shorter
wavelength) version of the
electromagnetic waves that we
see as visible light. The radiation can
come from an X-ray generator or a
radioactive source.
High Electrical Potential
Electrons
- +
X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation
Exposure Recording Device
Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample
Film Radiography

Top view of developed film
X-ray film
The part is placed between the
radiation source and a piece of film.
The part will stop some of the
radiation. Thicker and more dense
area will stop more of the radiation.
= more exposure
= less exposure
The film darkness
(density) will vary with
the amount of radiation
reaching the film
through the test object.
Radiographic Images
Conductive
material
Coil
Coil's
magnetic field
Eddy
currents
Eddy current's
magnetic field
Eddy Current Testing

Eddy Current Testing

Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting surface
cracks but can also be used to make electrical conductivity and
coating thickness measurements. Here a small surface probe is
scanned over the part surface in an attempt to detect a crack.
High frequency sound waves are introduced into a
material and they are reflected back from surfaces or
flaws.

Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and
inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen
showing the depth of features that reflect sound.
f
plate
crack
0 2 4 6 8 10
initial
pulse
crack
echo
back surface
echo
Oscilloscope, or flaw
detector screen
Ultrasonic Inspection (Pulse-
Echo)

Ultrasonic Imaging
Gray scale image produced using
the sound reflected from the front
surface of the coin
Gray scale image produced using the
sound reflected from the back surface
of the coin (inspected from heads side)
High resolution images can be produced by plotting
signal strength or time-of-flight using a computer-
controlled scanning system.
Common Application of NDT
Inspection of Raw Products
Inspection Following Secondary Processing
In-Services Damage Inspection
Inspection of Raw Products
Forgings,
Castings,
Extrusions,
etc.
Inspection Following
Secondary Processing
Machining
Welding
Grinding
Heat treating
Plating
etc.
Inspection For
In-Service Damage
Cracking
Corrosion
Erosion/Wear
Heat Damage
etc.

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