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Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Valence e - play a fundamental role in chemical bonding. Transfer leads to ionic bonds. Sharing leads to covalent bonds. Write Lewis structures for the following compounds: (a) BaO; (b) MgCl 2; (c) aluminum oxide. Note the use of the --fishhook arrow to denote a single electron movement.

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50 views47 pages

Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Valence e - play a fundamental role in chemical bonding. Transfer leads to ionic bonds. Sharing leads to covalent bonds. Write Lewis structures for the following compounds: (a) BaO; (b) MgCl 2; (c) aluminum oxide. Note the use of the --fishhook arrow to denote a single electron movement.

Uploaded by

Edward Wright
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Bonding I : Basic Concepts

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.



CONTENTS
10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview
10-2 Covalent Bonding: An
Introduction
10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and
Electrostatic Potential Maps
10-4 Writing Lewis Structures
10-5 Resonance
10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
10-7 Shapes of Molecules
10-8 Bond Order and Bond Length
10-9 Bond Energies
Lewis Theory: An Overview
Valence e
-
play a
fundamental role in chemical
bonding.
e
-
transfer leads to
ionic bonds.
Sharing of e
-
leads to
covalent bonds.
e
-
are transferred or shared to
give each atom a noble gas
configuration
the octet.
Lewis Symbols
A chemical symbol represents the nucleus
and the core e
-
.
Dots around the symbol represent valence e
-
.
Si




N



P



As



Sb



Bi




Al



Se




Ar



Ba


O






Ba
2+ 2-
BaO
Writing Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds. Write Lewis
structures for the following compounds: (a) BaO; (b) MgCl
2
;
(c) aluminum oxide.
Note the use of the fishhook arrow to denote a
single electron movement. A double headed
arrow means that two electrons move.
Example
Mg


Cl



Cl



Cl




Mg
2+ -
2
MgCl
2

Example Continued
Covalent Bonding: An I ntroduction
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
H N


H
H
H
N
H
H
H
H
+
Cl


Cl




-
Note the double headed arrow
showing that two electrons move.
Multiple Covalent Bonds
C



O



C O O




C O O



C O O




Multiple Covalent Bonds
N




N N



N N



N N


Paramagnetism of Oxygen
Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic
Potential Maps
Polar Molecules
Electronegativity
Percent I onic Character
Writing Lewis Structures
All the valence e
-
of atoms must appear.
Usually, the e
-
are paired.
Usually, each atom requires an octet.
H only requires 2 e
-
.
Multiple bonds may be needed.
Readily formed by C, N, O, S, and P.
Skeletal Structure
Identify central and terminal atoms.
C
H
H
H
H C
H
H
O
Skeletal Structure
Hydrogen atoms are always terminal atoms.
Central atoms are generally those with the
lowest electronegativity.
Carbon atoms are always central atoms.
Generally structures are compact and
symmetrical.

Strategy for
Writing Lewis
Structures
Writing a Lewis Structure for a Polyatomic Ion. Write the
Lewis structure for the nitronium ion, NO
2
+
.

Step 1: Total valence e
-
= 5 + 6 + 6 1 = 16 e
-

Step 3: Plausible structure: ONO
Step 4: Add e
-
to terminal atoms: ONO


Step 2: Identify the central and terminal atoms
Polyatomic I on
Step 6: Use multiple bonds to satisfy octets.


ONO


O=N=O
Step 5: Determine e
-
left over: 16 4 12 = 0
+
Formal Charge
FC = #
valence e-
- #
lone pair e-
- #
bond pair e-
2

1

FC(O) = 6 - 4 (4) = 0
2

1

FC(N) = 5 - 0 (8) = +1
2

1



O=N=O
+
Alternative Lewis Structure


ONO
+ - +
FC(O) = 6 - 2 (6) = +1
2

1

FC(N) = 5 - 0 (8) = +1
2

1

FC(O) = 6 - 6 (2) = -1
2

1


O N O




Alternative Lewis Structures
Sum of FC is the overall charge.
FC should be as small as possible.
Negative FC is usually on the most electronegative
elements.
FC of same sign on adjacent atoms is unlikely.
+


ONO




- +
Using the Formal Charge in Writing Lewis Structures. Write
the most plausible Lewis structure of nitrosyl chloride, NOCl.

2+ 2- - 2+ - +
-
Example
Resonance
O O O O O O




+ + - -
O O O





+ - -
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Odd e
-
species (Radicals)

N=O



HCH
H


OH


Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Incomplete octets.
B
F
F F


B
F
F F
-
+


B
F
F F

-
+


Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Expanded valence shells.
P
Cl
Cl Cl


P
Cl
Cl
Cl


Cl
Cl
S
F
F
F


F
F
F


Expanded Valence Shell
The Shapes of Molecules
H O H
Terminology
Bond length distance between nuclei.
Bond angle angle between adjacent bonds.
VSEPR Theory
Electron pairs repel each other whether they are in
chemical bonds (bond pairs) or unshared (lone pairs).
Electron pairs assume orientations about an atom to
minimize repulsions.
Electron group geometry distribution of e
-
pairs.
Molecular geometry distribution of nuclei.
Balloon Analogy
Methane, Ammonia and Water
Charge clouds of the lone pair electrons spread out.
Molecular Geometry as a Function of
Electron Group Geometry
Applying VSEPR Theory
Draw a plausible Lewis structure.
Determine the number of e
-
groups and identify them
as bond or lone pairs.
Establish the e
-
group geometry.
Determine the molecular geometry.
Multiple bonds count as one group of electrons.
More than one central atom can be handled
individually.
Dipole Moments


The extent of the charge displacement in a polar covalent bond is
given by dipole moment.
Molecular Shape and Dipole Moments


Bond Order and Bond Length
Bond Order
Single bond, order = 1
Double bond, order = 2
Bond Length
Distance between two nuclei
Higher bond order
Shorter bond
Stronger bond
Bond Energies
Bond-dissociation energy : The
quantity of energy required to break
one mole of covalent bonds in a
gaseous species.
The reaction of methane (CH
4
) and chlorine produces a mixture
of products called chloromethanes. One of these is
monochloromethane, CH
3
Cl, used in the preparation of silicones.
Calculate H for the reaction.
H
rxn
= H(bond breakage) - H(bond formation)
= BE (reactants)- BE (products)
= 657 kJ/mol 770 kJ/mol = -113 kJ/mol
Calculating an Enthalpy of Reaction

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