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    Lecture 4 Structure, Density, Porosity

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    NiiteSajo
    This document discusses soil texture, structure, bulk density, and porosity. It provides the following key points: - Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles, which influences pore size, surface area, and water movement. There are 12 standard textural classes. - Soil structure refers to the arrangement of individual particles into aggregates or peds. Structure is influenced by chemical and biological processes and is important for porosity and water retention. - Bulk density measures the mass of soil solids per unit volume of soil, including pores. Typical mineral soil bulk density ranges from 1.1 to 1.6 g/cm3. Organic matter, aggregation,

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    Lecture 4 Structure, Density, Porosity

    Uploaded by

    NiiteSajo
    112 views42 pages
    This document discusses soil texture, structure, bulk density, and porosity. It provides the following key points: - Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles, which influences pore size, surface area, and water movement. There are 12 standard textural classes. - Soil structure refers to the arrangement of individual particles into aggregates or peds. Structure is influenced by chemical and biological processes and is important for porosity and water retention. - Bulk density measures the mass of soil solids per unit volume of soil, including pores. Typical mineral soil bulk density ranges from 1.1 to 1.6 g/cm3. Organic matter, aggregation,

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    This document discusses soil texture, structure, bulk density, and porosity. It provides the following key points: - Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles, which influences pore size, surface area, and water movement. There are 12 standard textural classes. - Soil structure refers to the arrangement of individual particles into aggregates or peds. Structure is influenced by chemical and biological processes and is important for porosity and water retention. - Bulk density measures the mass of soil solids per unit volume of soil, including pores. Typical mineral soil bulk density ranges from 1.1 to 1.6 g/cm3. Organic matter, aggregation,

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    112 views42 pages

    Lecture 4 Structure, Density, Porosity

    Uploaded by

    NiiteSajo
    This document discusses soil texture, structure, bulk density, and porosity. It provides the following key points: - Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles, which influences pore size, surface area, and water movement. There are 12 standard textural classes. - Soil structure refers to the arrangement of individual particles into aggregates or peds. Structure is influenced by chemical and biological processes and is important for porosity and water retention. - Bulk density measures the mass of soil solids per unit volume of soil, including pores. Typical mineral soil bulk density ranges from 1.1 to 1.6 g/cm3. Organic matter, aggregation,

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    Exam Schedule

    Exam I: Friday, May 22


    nd


    Exam II: Friday June 5
    th


    Exam III: Friday June 19
    th

    Review sessions will be on the Thursday preceding the exam.
    Soil Texture
    Three separates: Sand, Silt, Clay
    Importance: indicator of pore size, surface area, water movement, reactivity
    There are 12 textural classes based on relative abundance of sand, silt, clay
    Florida soils tend to range from sandy to sandy clay textures
    Texture-by-feel assesses grittiness, smoothness, plasticity to estimate texture
    Laboratory analysis relies on sedimentation of soil particles in water
    Stokes Law determines the settling rates of particles from water
    Large particles (sand) settle quickly, small particles slowly.
    A hydrometer measures the density of a soil suspension
    Based on the density, the mass of particles remaining suspended is determined
    Particle Size Large/coarse Medium Fine/Small
    Sand
    Loamy Sand
    Sandy Loam
    Sandy clay Loam
    Silty clay Loam
    Silt Loam
    Loam
    Clay Loam
    Sandy Clay
    Silty Clay
    Clay
    Pore Size Large Medium Small
    Reactivity Weak Moderate Strong
    Texture
    Texture and Civilization?
    Tigris-Euphrates
    Nile
    Earliest Civilizations
    Civilization
    Year-round supply of water
    Enduring Sunlight
    Trustworthy harvests
    Building materials
    Population increases
    Substantial homes
    Relative Safety, peace
    Neolithic Founder Crops
    Wheat
    Barley
    Flax
    Chick Pea
    Lentil
    cows, goats, sheep, and pigs
    Nile
    Jordan
    Tigris
    Euphrates
    Periodic Flooding
    Flooding
    Flooding and Soil Texture
    Sand 2.0-.05 mm
    Silt 0.05 0.002 mm
    Clay < 0.002 mm
    Clay
    Sand 1 mm V = 112 cm/sec
    Silt 0.05 mm V = 0.281 cm/sec
    Clay 0.002 mm V = 0.0004 cm/sec
    Stokes Law: V = kD
    2
    K = 11,241 cm
    -1
    sec
    -1
    Flooding slows flow
    River channel
    Sedimentation
    Sand Clays/Silts
    Flood peaks in mid-September
    Blue Nile
    The Nile
    Kenya
    Uganda
    Tanzania
    Mesopotamia
    Euphrates
    Alluvial Plain
    Flood: March through June

    Agriculture and Irrigation
    Irrigation
    Canals
    Dikes
    Weirs
    Reservoirs
    channels
    History and Soil Texture
    (knowledge from clay and stone)
    Stone and Clay
    Egypt

    Sumer
    Stone
    Clay
    Architecture and Sculpture
    Egypt
    The Language of Power
    sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language
    Sumerian
    Soil Structure, Density, Porosity
    Soil Structure
    Arrangement or grouping of individual soil particles into secondary units.
    Soil Structure
    Peds
    Aggregates
    Units of soil Structure
    Chemical Processes
    electrostatic attraction between clay
    particles and between organic particles.

    Biological Processes
    -macro-organisms (burrowing, tunneling,wastes)
    -roots, fungal hyphae (compression, fibers, exudates)
    -microorganisms (organic residues)
    Formation
    Soil Structure
    Importance
    Effects on porosity, water retention, water movement
    Small pores
    Large pores
    Intra-aggregate pores
    Inter-aggregate pores
    (within)
    (between)
    Water moves easily and is poorly retained in inter-aggregate pores
    Water moves slowly and is strongly retained in intra-aggregate pores
    Soil Structure is Desirable
    Poor soil structure can
    inhibit infiltration of
    water, water movement,
    growth of roots.

    Structure is the arrangement or grouping of
    individual soil particles into larger secondary units.
    Clays and organic matter possess natural electrical
    Charge which can electrostatically bind particles together.
    Macro-organisms and microorganisms can aid in
    binding of individual particles into larger aggregates..
    Aggregation allows for both movement and retention
    of water via macropores and micropores, respectively..
    Poor soil structure can inhibit infiltration of
    water, water movement, growth of roots.
    Summary
    Soil Density
    Density
    Density = Mass
    Volume
    g
    cm
    3
    (
    )
    2.65 g/cm
    3
    Soil Bulk Density
    Density of soil including the particles and
    the pore spaces
    x
    y
    z
    Volume = xyz
    B.D. ranges between 1.1 and 1.6 g/cm
    3

    (for mineral soil with 1 5% organic matter)

    BD = mass OD soil
    volume solids + pores
    Bulk vs. Particle Density
    Bulk density measures the mass of the soil solids in
    relation to the volume of the soil solids and the soil pores.

    x

    y

    z

    Particle density =

    Mass of particle

    Volume of particle

    No pores




    Bulk density = mass solids
    volume xyz
    BD = 1.6 g/cm3
    PD = 2.65 g/cm
    3
    Sampling for Density
    Known Volume
    Known Volume
    Dry and Weigh: mass/volume = Bulk Density
    Factors Affecting Bulk Density
    organic matter
    aggregation
    arrangement of particles
    compaction
    depth in profile
    Porosity
    (pores are weightless)
    Organic Matter
    Typical 1-5% organic matter
    Mineral Soil:
    bulk density = 1.1 1.6 g/cm
    3
    Organic Soils: > 20% organic matter

    bulk density = 0.1 0.6 g/cm
    3
    Factors Affecting Bulk Density
    Aggregation
    One sand grain
    One aggregate of
    Clay sized particles
    (Zero porosity)
    (50% porosity)
    Aggregation generally increases overall porosity, decreases density
    Packing Arrangement
    Discrete particle size classes
    Continuum of particle sizes
    Particle
    Size
    Arrangement
    (compaction)
    Sorting
    Depth in Profile
    Lower organic matter
    Fewer roots
    Compaction from above
    => Higher bulk density
    Aggregation can mitigate
    Some of these effects.
    Summary
    Bulk densities of typical mineral soils
    range between 1.0 and 1.6 g/cm
    3
    .
    Organic matter increases porosity, decreases BD
    Organic soils can have BD as low as 0.1 g/cm
    3
    .
    Compaction decreases porosity, increases BD
    Aggregation increases porosity, decreases BD
    Depth in profile decreases porosity, increases BD
    Porosity
    Bulk Density and Total Porosity
    0 2.65
    Bulk Density (g/cm
    3
    )
    100% Porosity
    )
    (
    BD
    PD
    1 - % Porosity =
    [
    ]
    X 100
    2.65 g/cm
    3
    Bulk density high porosity low
    Bulk density low porosity high
    A


    E

    B

    BD = 1.1 g/cm
    3


    BD = 1.15 g/cm
    3

    BD = 1.6 g/cm
    3
    P = 59 %

    P = 57%


    P = 40 %
    Bulk Density and Porosity
    A
    E
    B
    Pore Size Distribution
    Macropores > 0.8 mm in diameter
    large, freely draining
    sands, inter-aggregate pores



    Micropores < 0.8 mm in diameter
    small, storage of water
    clays, intra-aggregate pores
    The effect of total porosity and of
    pore size distribution is largely
    related to the movement and
    retention of water as well as
    the movement of soil gases
    Knowledge of texture, structure, bulk density,
    and porosity allow deduction of the patterns
    of movement of water and gases in soils
    Next: Water in Soils

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