Electronic Warfare

and Counter-Measures
What is Electronic Warfare?
Electronic Warfare (EW)
Element of Command & Control Warfare (C2W)
Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes
integrated use of:
Operational Security (OPSEC)
Military Deception
Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)
Physical Destruction
Electronic Warfare (EW)

Importance of EW
Increased reliance on radar and OTH
targeting
Increased use of Communications and
Tactical Data Systems (TDS)
Increased capabilities of missile &
weapons system
Requires high-speed detection and tracking
Active/Passive homing long-range missile
give little warning
Three Components of EW
Electronic Support (ES) *ESM
Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM
Electronic Protection (EP) *ECCM
Electronic Support (ES)
Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum to
detect the enemys position, strength, and
intention, and warning of targets
-Detection -Tracking

-Recognition -Targeting

-Warning -Destruction

-Avoidance
Passive EW (ES)
ELINT Electronic Intelligence
Foreign non-communications elecromagnetic
information
COMINT Communications Intelligence
Foreign communications transmissions
intercepted by other than the intended
recipients
Advantages and Limitations
ES Receiver Design
Requirements
Wide spectrum surveillance
Wide dynamic range
Unwanted signal rejection
Angle-of-Arrival measurement
Signal Analysis capability
Real-Time Display
Recording System
Electronic Attack (EA)
Preventing or reducing the enemys use of
the EM spectrum (capabilities) and
promoting uncertainty

Black boxes that jam or deceive the
enemy

Radar or communications jamming

Electronic Attack (EA)
Use of active and passive energy to attack
Personnel
Facilities
Equipment
Four Classes of EA
Jamming
Modifiers
Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)
Physical Destruction
Non-Destructive EA
Denial: overload oppositions receiver to
deny its use by the enemy
Jamming
Noise
Spot
Barrage
Sweep
Chaff
Flares
Noise Jamming
Definition:
Noise jamming is the deliberate
radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of
electromagnetic energy with the
purpose of impairing the use of
electronic devices, equipment, or
systems being used by the enemy.
Rcvd
Signal
Amp.
time
Ineffective
J amming
Effective J amming
PW
PRT
Jamming
TGT Freq
True Noise
Ideal Jammer
Actual Spot
Jammer
Non-Destructive EA (cont.)
Deception: Create false image or
change images characteristics on a radar
display. Misleads or spoofs
Repeaters: delay received radar signal and
retransmitting at a slightly later time
Transponders: Create false signal by playing back a
stored replica of the radar signal
Chaff - disguise
Radar Decoys
Blip Enhancers
Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification
Decoys
Velocity Gate Pull Off
(VGPO)
Target Return
Velocity Gate
Gate Pull-Off
Confusion/Deception
Chaff Corridor
Flares (active)
Chaff False Targets
Real Target
Multiple False Targets
Strobes
Cover Pulse Jamming
X
Reactive Jamming
EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!
Passive Detection
1. Radar
2. IFF
3. TACAN
4. Jamming
Destructive EA
Anti-Radiation Missiles
SLAM
HARM
Sidewinder
Directed Energy
SLAM ER
Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response
https://wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/weapons/airlanch/slamer/slamer.htm
HARM
High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile
HARM
Results
Portable Serbian Radar
AIM-9 Sidewinder
Electronic Protection (EP)
Definition:
EP is the division of electronic warfare
involving actions taken to protect
personnel, facilities and equipment from
any effects of friendly or enemy
employment of electronic warfare that
degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly
combat capability.
Electronic Protection (EP)
Protection of friendly combat
capability against undesirable effect
of friendly or enemy employed EW
Types
Passive EW
Active EW
Electronic Protection (EP)
Three ways to defend from enemy EW
Modify radar
Make it more complex
Make it harder to jam
Modify the Medium
Chaff
Torch
Modify the platform

EP: Radar Design
Power
Frequency
PRF
PW
Pulse Shape
Antenna Design
Scan Pattern
EP Factors
Burnthrough: Increase signal strength to
overpower jammer noise (ECCM)
Emission Control (EMCON)
Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Operator Recognition Training
EP Factors (Cont.)
Frequency Agility
FREQ
TIME
Slider
Stepper
Random
U.S. Shipboard EW
Capabilities
SLQ-32 Sidekick
On all combatants
Radar warning, detection and jamming
Uses internal library to auto detect/categorize
Infrared Flares
On all combatants
Chaff
On all combatants
U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities
SSQ-108 Outboard -
On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHD
Any ship with SSES
Real-time OTH passive detection, localization, and
targeting
SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy
On Arleigh Burke class
Rubber Duck
Looks like a life boat container

U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities
ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler
ALQ-162 - EA jamming system on F-14 & F/A 18
ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk
ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18
ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking
ALR-68 - ES detection system on P-3C Orion
ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye
Chaff - On SH-60 Seahawk
ALQ-99
Detection, Identification, tracking
Communication, Data Link, and radar
jamming
Deception: mimics radar signals
EA-6B Prowler
ALQ-162
Radar Jamming
F/A-18 Hornet
Automatic radar jamming against surface-
to-air and airborne intercept missiles that
use continuous wave (CW) radars
ALQ-142
Electronic Support System
SH- 60 Seahawk
Real time Identification and bearing of
surveillance radars
Jamming Effectiveness
Match the victim radars RF
Be continuous
Have sufficient power
Methods to Defeat Direct
Threat Jamming
Frequency Techniques
RF Change
RF Diversity
RF Agility
Diplexing
Variable PRF
Questions?