Resistive, Capacitive, and Inductive

AC Circuits
EE 102 Circuits 2
Module 2
The Purely-Resistive AC Circuit
i
R e
=E
m
sin t
v
R
where: e =E
m
sin t is the time-dependent AC generator
voltage, volts.
E
m
=amplitude or maximum value of the AC
generator voltage, volts
= angular frequency of the AC generator, rad/s
R = resistance of the load in series with e, ohms.
i = resulting current through the circuit, amps.
v
R
= voltage drop across the resistive load, volts.
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage rule over the loop,
0 =
R
v e
e v
R
=
t E v
m R
e sin =
+ +
-
-
-
The Purely-Resistive AC Circuit
i
R e
=E
m
sin t
v
R
iR v
R
=
By Ohms law,
t
R
E
R
v
i
m R
e sin = =
In a purely-resistive AC
circuit, the current through
the resistance R is in-phase
with the voltage v
R
across
it..
t I i
m
e sin =
R
E
I where
m
m
=
t
e
i
I
m
E
m
The Purely-Resistive AC Circuit
i
R e
=E
m
sin t
v
R
The effective or RMS value of the
AC generator voltage and the
resulting currents are;
2
m
RMS
E
E =
R
E I
I
m m
RMS
2 2
= =
Effective value of e and i:
The Purely-Resistive AC Circuit
i
R
e
=E
m
sin (t )
v
R
) sin( | e = t E e
m
) sin( | e = t I i
m
t
e
i
I
m
E
m

AC generator voltage e with phase angle :
The Purely-Resistive AC Circuit
i
e
=E
m
sin t
R
E
P
R I P
EI P
2
2
=
=
=
The power consumption of the AC circuit is the power dissipated (as
thermal energy) by the resistive load.
where: P = power delivered by AC generator, or
power dissipation by resistive load, Watts
E =effective voltage of AC generator, volts.
I = effective current, A.
R
v
R
Power :
Checkpoint 1
If we increase the frequency of the AC generator in a circuit with a
purely resistive load, do (a) amplitude v
R
(voltage drop across the
resistor) and (b) amplitude i
R
(current thru the resistor), decrease, or
remain the same?
Illustrative Problem 1
A purely resistance AC circuit has resistance R =200 and the
sinusoidal alternating emf (voltage) device operates at amplitude
E
m
=36.0 V and frequency f =60.0 Hz.
a) What is sinusoidal driving voltage e and its effective value E?
b) What is the sinusoidal current i and its effective value I ?
c) Power dissipated by the resistive load.
The Purely-Capacitive AC Circuit
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
where: e =E
m
sin t is the time-dependent AC generator
voltage, volts.
E
m
=amplitude or maximum value of the AC
generator voltage, volts
= angular frequency of the AC generator, rad/s
C = capacitance of the capacitor, farad
i = resulting current through the circuit, amps.
v
C
= voltage drop across the capacitive load, volts.
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage rule over the loop,
0 =
C
v e
e v
C
=
t E v
m C
e sin =
C C
Cv q =
In a capacitor, the amount of
charge on a capacitor is
proportional to voltage across its
terminals. That is,
The Purely-Capacitive AC Circuit
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
Likewise,
t CE i
t E
dt
d
C
dt
dv
C
dt
dq
i
m
m
C C
e e
e
cos
] sin [
=
= = =
where: I
m
=CE
m
.
q = capacitor charge in coulombs
In a purely-capacitive AC circuit, the current through a capacitor is
leading the voltage vC across it by 90
o
.
t
e
i
I
m
E
m
90
o
) 90 sin( cos
o
m m
t I t I i + = = e e
The Purely-Capacitive AC Circuit
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
t CE i
m
e e cos =
where: is called the capacitive

reactance of the capacitor, ohms.
t
e
i
I
m
E
m
90
o
Rearranging,
t
C
E
i
m
e
e
cos
1
=
) 90 sin( cos
o
C
m
C
m
t
X
E
t
X
E
i + = = e e
C
X
C
e
1
=
The Purely-Capacitive AC Circuit
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
Power :
The instantaneous power dissipated
by the capacitor is p
C
=v
C
i = ei.
Plotting p
C
vs. time t yields,
t
e
i
I
m
E
m
90
o
The Purely-Capacitive AC Circuit
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
Power :
t
e
i
I
m
E
m
90
o
The instantaneous power dissipated
by the capacitor is p
C
=v
C
i = ei.
Plotting p
C
vs. time t yields,
The Purely-Capacitive AC Circuit
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
Power :
The instantaneous power dissipated
by the capacitor is p
C
=v
C
i = ei.
Plotting p
C
vs. time t yields,
The energy dissipated in one cycle is the area of the curve in one cycle
The Purely-Capacitive AC Circuit
i
C
e
=E
m
sin t
v
C
Power :
The instantaneous power dissipated
by the capacitor is p
C
=v
C
i = ei.
Plotting p
C
vs. time t yields,
The energy dissipated in one cycle is zero, therefore the power
dissipated by the capacitor is zero.
Illustrative Problem 2
A purely capacitive AC circuit has a capacitance of C =15 F and
the sinusoidal alternating emf (voltage) device operates at amplitude
E
m
=36.0 V and frequency f =60.0 Hz.
a) What is the voltage v
C
of the capacitor and its effective value?
b) The capacitive reactance of the capacitor.
c) What is the current i and effective value of the current through
the capacitor?
The Purely-Inductive AC Circuit
where: e =E
m
sin t is the time-dependent AC generator
voltage, volts.
E
m
=amplitude or maximum value of the AC
generator voltage, volts
= angular frequency of the AC generator, rad/s
L = inductance of the inductor, henry
i = resulting current through the circuit, amps.
v
L
= voltage drop across the inductive load, volts.
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage rule over the loop,
0 =
L
v e
e v
L
=
t E v
m L
e sin =
i
L
e
=E
m
sin t
v
L
dt
di
L v
L
=
In an inductor, the voltage drop
across the inductor is proportional
to the rate of change of the current
i through it.
. Thus,
where: I
m
=E
m
/L
t
e
i
I
m
E
m
90
o
The Purely-Inductive AC Circuit
i
e
=E
m
sin t
v
L
t E
dt
di
L
m
e sin =
) 90 sin(
o
m
t I i = e
) 90 sin( cos
o
m m
t
L
E
t
L
E
i = = e
e
e
e
In a purely-inductive AC circuit, the current through the inductor is
lagging the voltage vL across it by 90
o
.
L
t
e
i
I
m
E
m
90
o
The Purely-Inductive AC Circuit
i
L
e
=E
m
sin t
v
L
where: XL = wL is called the inductive
reactance of the inductor, ohms.
t
X
E
i
L
m
e cos =
) 90 sin(
o
m
t
L
E
i = e
e
The Purely-Inductive AC Circuit
i
L
e
=E
m
sin t
v
L
Power :
As in the case of the purely-
capacitive circuit, the graph of the
power p =v
L
i will result in an area
for one cycle of zero. Therefore,
the power dissipated by the
inductor will be zero.
Checkpoint
If we increase the driving frequency of the AC generator in a circuit
with a purely capacitive load, do (a) amplitude of v
C
(voltage drop
across the capacitor) and (b) amplitude i
C
(current thru the capacitor),
increase, decrease, or remain the same? If instead, the circuit has a
purely inductive load, do (c) amplitude v
L
and (d) amplitude i
L

increase, decrease, or remain the same?
Illustrative Problem 3
A purely inductive AC circuit has an inductance of L =230 henrys
and the sinusoidal alternating emf (voltage) device operates at
amplitude E
m
=36.0 V and frequency f =60.0 Hz.
a) What is the inductive reactance of the inductor.
b) What is the effective value of the current through the inductor?
Summary of R, L, and C AC Circuits
i
R

R
e =E
m
sin t v
R
R
v
i
R
R
=
i
R
is in-phase with the voltage v
R
.
i
C

C
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
C
C
X
v
i =
i
C
is leading the voltage v
C
by 90
o
.
fC C
X
C
t e 2
1 1
= =
i
L

L
e =E
m
sin t v
L
L
L
L
X
v
i =
i
L
is lagging the voltage v
C
by 90
o
.
fL L X
L
t e 2 = =
Note in this circuit, v
R
= E
m
sin t
Note in this circuit, v
C
= E
m
sin t
Note in this circuit, v
L
= E
m
sin t
Quiz 1
1. Given the following sinusoidal signals:
e
1
= -5 sin(10t + 35
o
)
e
2
= 10 cos(10t 155
o
)
find the following; (10 pts)
a) The minimum phase difference between the sinusoids
b) The period of the signals.
c) The effective values of e1 and e2.
d) The plot of e
1
x e
2
.
2. In a purely inductive circuit, the AC sinusoidal voltage is
e
1
= -100 sin(10t + 35
o
), resulting in an effective current of 2.0
A. Find; (10 pts)
a) The inductive reactance of the inductor.
b) The inductance of the inductor.
c) The time domain expression of i.
The RC Circuit
0
0
0
=
=
=
C
C
C
C R
v
dt
dv
RC e
v iR e
v v e
Rearranging and substituting the sinusoid for e;
t
RC
E
v
RC dt
dv
m
C
C
e sin
1
= +
Which is a first-order differential equation with the dependent
variable v
C
.
i
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
v
R
sw.
The RC Circuit
The solution to this differential equation is composed of two
solutions: the homogenous solution (transient response) and the
particular solution (steady-state response). The transient response is
also called the natural response and the steady-state response the
forced response.
| |
RC t
C
m C
C
e t
X R
E X
v

+
+
= | | e sin ) sin(
2
2
where =tan
-1
(X
C
/R). Since i =C dv
C
/dt,


(

+
+
=
RC t
C
m C
e
RC
t
X R
E CX
i | | e e sin
1
) cos(
2
2
(

+
+
=
RC t
C
C
m
e
R
X
t
X R
E
i | | e sin ) cos(
2
2
The RC Circuit
(

+
=
RC t
C
C
m
e
R
X
t
X R
E
i | | e sin ) cos(
2
2
RC t
C
m C
C
m
e
X R R
E X
t
X R
E
i

+

+
= | | e sin ) cos(
2
2
2
2
Steady state Transient
Note: This solution assumes the capacitor is initially not charged.
The RC Circuit
t
e
i
Graph of AC source e (blue) and the response i (red)
The RC Circuit
RC t
C
m C
C
m
e
X R R
E X
t
X R
E
i

+

+
= | | e sin ) cos(
2
2
2
2
Steady state Transient
The steady-state component of the response is what is left after a
long time, as the transient part slowly disappears.
The radical is called the impedance of the circuit and is
denoted by the letter Z. Thus,
2
2
C
X R +
2
2
C
X R Z + =
In AC circuit analysis, we are interested on the steady state
response of the network.
The product RC is called the time-constant of the circuit usually
designated by = RC. The time constant affect how fast or slow
will the transient component stay.
Checkpoint
If we increase the driving
frequency of the AC generator
in an RC circuit, do (a) amplitude
of the steady-state current i
(current thru the RC circuit),
increase, decrease, or remain the
same? (b) do the phase of
steady-state current i increase,
decrease, or remain the same?
i
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
v
R
Checkpoint
In an RC circuit, the transient
component of the current i disappears
faster if
a) The driving frequency is
increased.
b) The time constant RC is increased.
c) The time constant RC is decreased.
i
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
v
R
Checkpoint
In an RC circuit, the steady-state
component of the current is,
a) Lagging the source voltage.
b) Leading the source voltage.
c) Remain the same.

i
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
v
R
The RL Circuit
The steady-state response for an RL circuit is;
) sin(
2
2
| e
+
= t
X R
E
i
L
m
where =tan
-1
(X
L
/R).


i
e =E
m
sin t v
L
v
R
L

Checkpoint
In an RL circuit, the steady-state
component of the current is,
a) Lagging the source voltage.
b) Leading the source voltage.
c) Remain the same.

i
e =E
m
sin t v
L
v
R
L

Illustrative Problem 4
In an RL circuit R =2000 , L =3.1 henrys and the sinusoidal
alternating emf (voltage) device operates at amplitude E
m
=100.0
V and frequency f =60.0 Hz.
a) The inductive reactance X
L
of the inductor.
b) Phase difference of the circuit current and the emf.
c) The effective value of the current.
d) Plot of the current.
The RLC Circuit
The steady-state response for an RLC circuit is;
) sin(
) (
2 2
| e
+
= t
X X R
E
i
C L
m
where = tan
-1
[(X
L
-X
C
)/R] if X
L
> X
C
or
= tan
-1
[(X
C
-X
L
)/R] if X
C
> X
L
.

i
e =E
m
sin t
v
L
v
R
L

C v
C
R

Illustrative Problem 5
An RLC circuit has R =2000 , L =3.1 henrys, C =1.77 F and the
sinusoidal alternating emf (voltage) device operates at amplitude
E
m
=150.0 V and frequency f =60.0 Hz. Find
a) The impedance Z of the circuit.
b) The phase angle of the circuit current. Is the current leading or
lagging the emf?
c) The effective value of the current.
d) The effective value of the voltage across the inductor.
e) At what frequency will X
L
= X
C
?
Eulers Identity
According to Euler;
t j
e t j t
e
e e = + sin cos
t j
e B A t jB t A
e
e e
2 2
) sin cos + = +
Similarly;
where is called an imaginary number. 1 = j
This means that e
jt
has a real part (cos t) and an imaginary part
(sin t), sometimes written as;
t j e
t e
t j
t j
e
e
e
e
sin } Im{
cos } Re{
=
=
A quantity with a real part and an imaginary part like e
jt
is called a
complex number.
The RL Circuit
By KVL, the differential equation for
this circuit is,
i
e =E
m
sin t v
L
v
R
L

t E Ri
dt
di
L
m
e sin = +
By Eulers identity, E
m
sin t = E
m
Im{e
jt
).
We can replace the sinusoidal source with a complex source
E
m
e
jt
.
i
E =E
m
e
jt
v
L
v
R
L

This source now has two component
sources: the imaginary source
E
m
sin t which is our original source
and the real source E
m
cos t. Take
note e has been replace by E.
The RL Circuit
i
E =E
m
e
jt
v
L
v
R
L

The steady-state response (I ) of this RL
circuit using the complex source is also
complex of the form;
) (
0
| e +
=
t j
e I I
where is an arbitrary phase angle. Substituting this to the DE
yields;
t j
m
t j t j
e E e RI e I
dt
d
L
e | e | e
= +
+ + ) (
0
) (
0
Simplifying, yields;
L j R
E
e I
m
j
e
|
+
=
0
Converting the denominator in terms of the complex exponential,
The RL Circuit
Thus;
( )
( ) ) ( tan
2 2
) ( tan
2 2
0
1
1
) ( ) (
R
L
R
L
j
m
j
m
j
e
L R
E
e L R
E
e I
e
e
e e
|

+
=
+
=
Substituting to the steady-state response, finally yields;
2 2
0
) ( L R
E
I
m
e +
=
) ( tan
1
R
L e
|

=
( ) ) ( tan
2 2
1
) (
R
L
t j
m
e
L R
E
I
e
e
e

+
=
( ) ( ) ) ( tan sin
) (
) ( tan cos
) (
1
2 2
1
2 2
R
L m
R
L m
t
L R
E
j t
L R
E
I
e e
e
e
e
e

+
+
+
=
Real part of the solution Imaginary part of the solution
The RL Circuit
( ) ( ) ) ( tan sin
) (
) ( tan cos
) (
1
2 2
1
2 2
R
L m
R
L m
t
L R
E
j t
L R
E
I
e e
e
e
e
e

+
+
+
=
Real part of the solution Imaginary part of the solution
Since our source is the imaginary part in Eulers relation (since it
was stated as a sine function), our steady state solution must only
contain the imaginary part. Hence,
( ) ( ) ) ( tan sin ) ( tan sin
) (
1
2
2
1
2 2
R
X
L
m
R
L m L
t
X R
E
t
L R
E
i

+
=
+
= e e
e
e
which is similar to the one derived in the RL circuit previously.
Assignment
Using complex source, derive the response for an RC circuit as
shown below.
i
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
v
R
sw.
Submit results in Edmodo. Deadline June 24, 2013.
The RC Circuit
By KVL, the differential equation for
this circuit is,
By Eulers identity, E
m
sin t = E
m
Im{e
jt
).
We can replace the sinusoidal source with a complex source
E
m
e
jt
.
This source now has two component
sources: the imaginary source
E
m
sin t which is our original source
and the real source E
m
cos t.
t
RC
E
v
RC dt
dv
m
C
C
e sin
1
= +
i
e =E
m
sin t v
C
C
v
R
sw.
E =E
m
e
jt
i
v
C
C
v
R
sw.
The RC Circuit
The steady-state response (V
C
) of this
RC circuit using the complex source is
also complex of the form;
) (
0
| e +
=
t j
C
e V V
where is an arbitrary phase angle. Substituting this to the DE
yields;
Simplifying, yields;
C
R
j
E
e V
m
j
e
|
/ 1
1
0
+
=
Converting the denominator in terms of the complex exponential,
E =E
m
e
jt
i
v
C
C
v
R
sw.
t j
m
t j t j
e
RC
E
e V
RC
e V
dt
d
e | e | e
= +
+ + ) (
0
) (
0
1
The RC Circuit
Thus;
( )
( ) ) ( tan
2
) ( tan
2
0
1
/ 1
1
1
/ 1
1
C
X
R
C
R
j
C
m
j
m
j
e
X
R
E
e
C
R
E
e V

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
e
e
|
Substituting to the steady-state response, finally yields;
2
0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
C
m
X
R
E
V
) ( tan
1
C
X
R

= |
)) ( tan (
2
1
1
C
X
R
t j
C
m
C
e
X
R
E
V

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
e
The RC Circuit
( ) ( ) ) ( tan sin
1
) ( tan cos
1
1
2
1
2
C C
X
R
C
m
X
R
C
m
C
t
X
R
E
j t
X
R
E
V

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= e e
( ) ) ( tan sin
1
1
2
C
X
R
C
m
C
t
X
R
E
v

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= e
which is equivalent to;
Since the actual source is the imaginary part of the complex source,
the time domain voltage will only contain the sine function. Thus,
The RC Circuit
( )
C
C
m C
X R t
X R
E
dt
dv
C i / ( tan cos
1
2
2

+
= = e
( )
C
o
C
m
X R t
X R
E
i / ( tan 90 sin
1
2
2

+
+
= e
Since tan
-1
(R/X
C
)+tan
-1
(X
C
/R) = 90
o
( )
C C C
C
m
X R X R R X t
X R
E
i / ( tan ) / ( tan ) / ( tan sin
1 1 1
2
2

+ +
+
= e
( ) ) / ( tan sin
1
2
2
R X t
X R
E
i
C
C
m

+
+
= e
Thank You