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    Lecture 7.1 - Inter Molecular Forces

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    Adam
    The document discusses different types of intermolecular forces including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. It explains that London dispersion forces arise from temporary dipoles induced in nonpolar molecules due to fluctuations in electron density. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules that have permanent dipole moments. Hydrogen bonding is considered a strong form of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like N, O, or F and another electronegative atom. The strength of intermolecular forces influences physical properties like boiling point, with hydrogen bonding having the strongest effect followed by dipole-dipole then London dispersion forces.

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    Lecture 7.1 - Inter Molecular Forces

    Uploaded by

    Adam
    482 views38 pages
    The document discusses different types of intermolecular forces including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. It explains that London dispersion forces arise from temporary dipoles induced in nonpolar molecules due to fluctuations in electron density. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules that have permanent dipole moments. Hydrogen bonding is considered a strong form of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like N, O, or F and another electronegative atom. The strength of intermolecular forces influences physical properties like boiling point, with hydrogen bonding having the strongest effect followed by dipole-dipole then London dispersion forces.

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    The document discusses different types of intermolecular forces including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. It explains that London dispersion forces arise from temporary dipoles induced in nonpolar molecules due to fluctuations in electron density. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules that have permanent dipole moments. Hydrogen bonding is considered a strong form of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like N, O, or F and another electronegative atom. The strength of intermolecular forces influences physical properties like boiling point, with hydrogen bonding having the strongest effect followed by dipole-dipole then London dispersion forces.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    482 views38 pages

    Lecture 7.1 - Inter Molecular Forces

    Uploaded by

    Adam
    The document discusses different types of intermolecular forces including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. It explains that London dispersion forces arise from temporary dipoles induced in nonpolar molecules due to fluctuations in electron density. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules that have permanent dipole moments. Hydrogen bonding is considered a strong form of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like N, O, or F and another electronegative atom. The strength of intermolecular forces influences physical properties like boiling point, with hydrogen bonding having the strongest effect followed by dipole-dipole then London dispersion forces.

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    of 38

    States Of Matter I:

    Intermolecular Forces
    Gecko’s Hairy Feet

    • Nanostructures on the
    soles of gecko feet.
    Thanks to about one
    billion hierarchically
    organized nanohairs, the
    gecko can go for a walk
    on walls and ceilings,
    unlike people.

    • Image: Max Planck Institute for Metals Research

    2
    3
    Intermolecular Forces
    Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.

    Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

    Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
    • 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
    • 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

    “Measure” of intermolecular force


    boiling point
    Generally, intermolecular
    melting point
    forces are much weaker than
    intramolecular forces. ∆ Hvap
    ∆ Hfus
    ∆ Hsub

    4
    Intermolecular Forces
    • Forces holding one
    molecule to another in
    a substance.

    • van der Waals forces


    • Dispersion forces
    • London Forces
    • Dipole-Dipole attraction
    • Hydrogen bonding
    • Ion-Dipole attraction

    5
    6
    Relative Magnitudes of Forces
    The types of bonding forces vary in their strength
    as measured by average bond energy.

    Strongest Covalent bonds (400 kcal/mol)

    Hydrogen bonding (12-16 kcal/mol)

    Dipole-dipole interactions (2-0.5 kcal/mol)

    Weakest London   forces (less than 1 kcal/mol)

    Strength of intermolecular forces determines


    the phase of a substance at a given
    temperature and pressure 7
    London Dispersion
    Forces
    The temporary separations of
    charge that lead to the London
    force attractions are what attract
    one nonpolar molecule to its
    neighbors.

    London forces increase with the


    size (polarizability) of the
    Fritz London molecules.
    1900-1954

    8
    London forces
    Induced dipole – induced dipole
    or
    Nonpolar - Nonpolar interactions

    9
    10
    London Dispersion Forces

    11
    Intermolecular Forces
    Dispersion Forces

    Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles


    induced in atoms or molecules

    ion-induced dipole interaction

    dipole-induced dipole interaction


    12
    Polarizability
    • The ease with which a molecule/atoms electron
    cloud can be distorted, thereby inducing a
    dipole moment.
    • Increasing the number of electrons increases
    the polarizability of an atom or molecule.

    -More electrons  larger


    distribution
    -Distribution more easily polarized
    since outermost electrons are less
    tightly held by nucleus 13
    Boiling Point Increases w/ IMF Strength

    14
    Strength of London Force Depends On…

    1.Polarizability (# of e- in molecules)

    2. Surface area of interaction (more


    diffuse electron cloud)

    15
    16
    Melting Points of Similar Nonpolar
    Compounds
    Compound Melting
    Point (°C)
    CH4 -182.5
    CF4 -150.0
    CCl4 -23.0
    CBr4 90.0
    CI4 171.0 17
    18
    Dipole – Dipole forces
    or
    Polar - Polar interactions

    19
    Dipole-Dipole Animation

    http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/DIPOLED/DIPOLED.html Next 20
    Why are these boiling points
    different?

    CH2O has dipole-dipole forces!


    21
    22
    London Dispersion vs Dipole-Dipole
    Compound Boiling Point
    (°C)
    CH3F -78.4
    CCl4 76.5
    CH3F is polar while CCl4 is not

    CCl4 dispersion forces are stronger than the


    dipole-dipole and dispersion forces of CH3F
    23
    London Dispersion vs Dipole-Dipole
    As molecular size increases, london
    dispersion forces become more significant
    than dipole-dipole attractions

    -More electrons  more polarizable


    -Larger size  polar regions less
    accessible/prominent

    24
    Hydrogen Bonds
    hydrogen bond: a special dipole-dipole interaction
    between they hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or
    F-H bond and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.

    25
    Hydrogen Bond

    HCOOH and water

    26
    27
    Why are these boiling points
    different?

    Hyrdogen Bonding!
    28
    Why is the hydrogen bond considered a
    “special” dipole-dipole interaction?

    Decreasing molar mass


    Decreasing boiling point

    29
    30
    Hydrogen Bonding in
    DNA
    Thymine hydrogen bonds to Adenine

    H3C O H2N N OH
    HO
    NH N N O
    O
    O N N OH
    O P
    HO O O
    P OH
    O
    HO
    T A

    31
    Hydrogen Bonding in DNA
    Cytosine hydrogen bonds to Guanine

    NH2 O N OH
    HO
    N HN N O
    O
    O N OH
    N P
    O
    HO O H2N O
    P OH
    O
    HO
    C G

    32
    33
    34
    35
    Intermolecular Forces

    Ion-Dipole Forces

    Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

    Ion-Dipole Interaction

    36
    What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist
    between each of the following molecules?

    HBr
    HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also
    dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

    CH4
    CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.

    S
    O
    O
    SO2
    SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also
    dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
    37
    Homework

    p. 500 #36
    p. 501 # 38, 40 a-b, 44

    38

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