Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 490 views

    Perforation

    Uploaded by

    memos2011
    The document provides an overview of perforating in oil and gas wells. It discusses the history of perforating techniques from mechanical perforators to modern shaped charge perforators. Key factors that influence perforation performance are reviewed, including the physics of shaped charge jets, quality control in manufacturing, downhole parameters like temperature, and gun design features. The importance of symmetry and consistency in shaped charge and gun design for optimal perforation results is emphasized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Perforation

    Uploaded by

    memos2011
    490 views27 pages
    The document provides an overview of perforating in oil and gas wells. It discusses the history of perforating techniques from mechanical perforators to modern shaped charge perforators. Key factors that influence perforation performance are reviewed, including the physics of shaped charge jets, quality control in manufacturing, downhole parameters like temperature, and gun design features. The importance of symmetry and consistency in shaped charge and gun design for optimal perforation results is emphasized.

    Original Title

    perforation.ppt

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document provides an overview of perforating in oil and gas wells. It discusses the history of perforating techniques from mechanical perforators to modern shaped charge perforators. Key factors that influence perforation performance are reviewed, including the physics of shaped charge jets, quality control in manufacturing, downhole parameters like temperature, and gun design features. The importance of symmetry and consistency in shaped charge and gun design for optimal perforation results is emphasized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    490 views27 pages

    Perforation

    Uploaded by

    memos2011
    The document provides an overview of perforating in oil and gas wells. It discusses the history of perforating techniques from mechanical perforators to modern shaped charge perforators. Key factors that influence perforation performance are reviewed, including the physics of shaped charge jets, quality control in manufacturing, downhole parameters like temperature, and gun design features. The importance of symmetry and consistency in shaped charge and gun design for optimal perforation results is emphasized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Schlumberger Reservoir Completions

    PerforatingA General
    Overview
    2 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Perforating
    The productivity of a given reservoir is primarily
    dependent on the near wellbore pressure drop.

    This is governed by drilling damage and perforation
    parameters.

    Furthermore, successful stimulation and sand control
    operations are strongly dependent on perforation
    parameters.

    3 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Perforating
    Today we will look at:
    History
    Physics
    Factors affecting performance
    Quality Control
    4 Perforating
    8/5/99
    History
    Mechanical, prior to 1932.
    Bullet Gun, 1932 to present
    Hydraulic, 1958 to present
    Abrasive jetting
    Shaped Charge, 1946 to present
    Spin-off from DOD and DOE Technology
    Most popular
    5 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Cavity Effect
    6 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Shaped Charge Perforator
    7 Perforating
    8/5/99
    The Perforation Process
    High velocity - 7,000 m/sec
    High Pressure - millions psi
    High speed - microseconds
    Low temperature
    Particulated jet does the
    work

    8 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Shaped Charge Magic
    9 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Penetration Physics
    Jet Length
    Jet Density
    Jet Velocity
    Jet Mass
    10 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Penetration Physics
    11 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Requirements:
    Performance
    Penetration Depth, Casing Hole Diameter
    Flow effectiveness or productivity
    Consistency
    Manufacturability
    Ease and Consistency
    Cost
    Effective
    Competitive
    Shaped Charge Perforators
    12 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Solid copper (1946)
    Adapted from military
    Used today in big hole charges
    Form large slug
    Bimetallic sheet metal (1958)
    Hard to fabricate
    Poor performance
    Powder metal (1960s)
    Slug disintegrates
    Preferred liner for deep penetrators
    Shaped Charge Liners
    13 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Factors Affecting Charge
    Performance
    Symmetry - Symmetry - Symmetry

    A Shaped Charge is at best a semi-stable
    device and any deviation to the design that
    upsets its symmetry will yield a crooked jet and
    thus reduced performance.
    14 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Consistent manufacturing
    Liner
    Powders and pressing
    Tooling
    QC Testing
    API type targets
    Regular checking

    Aggressive QC is critical for consistent shaped
    charge performance
    Factors Affecting Charge
    Performance
    15 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Effect of Optimized Liner Design
    Perforating Gun Comparison
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
    Old System
    HyperJet
    Ultrajet
    PowerJet
    G
    u
    n

    T
    y
    p
    e
    API Section I Penetration (inches)
    54.1 in.
    47.3 in.
    34.6 in.
    25.0 in.
    1999
    16 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Factors Affect Perforation
    Performance
    Water Standoff
    Scallop/Port Plug Thickness
    Shot Density/Charge
    Packaging
    Target Properties
    17 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Factors Affecting Performance
    18 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Standoff (distance from charge to gun wall)
    Can optimize charge performance.
    Scallop/port plug thickness
    Very small effect on deep penetrator.
    More effect on big hole.
    Charge packaging in the gun
    Charge-to-charge interference.
    Detonating cord-to-charge interference

    It is a SYSTEM design
    Gun Design Factors Affecting
    Charge Performance
    19 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Major effects
    Gun clearance
    Casing and formation strength
    Effective formation stress
    Wellbore Fluid
    Temperature (selection of explosive)

    Downhole Parameters That Affect
    Performance
    20 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Perforator Performance vs. Gun
    Clearance
    Penetration
    Little effect in most conditions
    If the ratio of wellbore clearance over charge
    diameter is >2 then EH and Pen could be
    reduced by a factor of 0.6 to 0.75. A ratio of 1 is
    OK.
    very large standoff deteriorates jet
    Entrance hole
    Effect can be considerable
    BH guns are optimized to shoot with standoff

    41 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Temperature
    Selection of explosives:
    T (within rating) --> no performance loss
    Effect is cumulative
    Consider accuracy of T reading

    Ratings
    Temperature: RDX < HMX < HNS/HTX
    Performance: HNS <HTX< RDX < HMX

    42 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Time vs Temperature
    43 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Temperature
    Major effects:
    If T rating is exceeded:
    Loss of performance
    Burn
    Low order or autodetonate
    HMX or RDX < 300 F will not autodetonate
    Above 300 F might burn or autodetonate
    HNS/HTX is not known to autodetonate
    Might lose performance or burn

    44 Perforating
    8/5/99
    HMX Enerjet
    300
    310
    320
    330
    340
    350
    360
    370
    380
    390
    400
    0.1 1 10
    Time to Autodetonation, Hours
    T
    e
    m
    p
    e
    r
    a
    t
    u
    r
    e
    ,

    F

    0.2% max RDX
    Rating point
    45 Perforating
    8/5/99
    HMX and T > 330 F

    HMX at 330 F has a phase change which increases
    its impact sensitivity
    If unshot guns need to be pulled from the well:
    For 48 hrs do not download guns
    After 48 hrs HMX reverts enough to be safe to handle

    46 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Classifications of Perforating Gun
    Systems
    Through-Tubing
    Small guns to get through the tubing string
    Can be shot underbalance
    Casing
    Larger guns with big charges
    Usually shot overbalance
    High Shot Density
    Larger gun with more shots per foot
    Used for tubing conveyed applications

    47 Perforating
    8/5/99
    Another Classification of Gun
    Systems
    Capsule Charge
    Enerjet (1
    11
    /16, 2
    1
    /8 , 2
    1
    /2 -in. )
    Pivot Gun (1
    11
    /16 -in.)

    Hollow Carrier
    Scallop Guns (1
    11
    /16 & 2
    1
    /8-in.)
    HEGS (3
    1
    /8 & 4-in.)
    Port Plug Guns (4-in.)
    HSD (1.56 to 7-in.)

    You might also like