Scribd
Upload
328 views28 pages

Vector Spaces: Ms. Do Thi Phuong Thao Fall 2012

This document discusses key concepts in vector spaces including: - Vector spaces are sets that are closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. - Subspaces are subsets of a vector space that themselves form a vector space under the same operations. - The span of a set of vectors is the set of all possible linear combinations of those vectors, and forms a subspace. - A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only way to get the zero vector as a linear combination is with all scalars being zero. - A basis for a vector space is a linearly independent set of vectors that spans the entire space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any basis.

Uploaded by

minhthang_hanu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
328 views28 pages

Vector Spaces: Ms. Do Thi Phuong Thao Fall 2012

This document discusses key concepts in vector spaces including: - Vector spaces are sets that are closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. - Subspaces are subsets of a vector space that themselves form a vector space under the same operations. - The span of a set of vectors is the set of all possible linear combinations of those vectors, and forms a subspace. - A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only way to get the zero vector as a linear combination is with all scalars being zero. - A basis for a vector space is a linearly independent set of vectors that spans the entire space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any basis.

Uploaded by

minhthang_hanu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Vector Spaces

Ms. Do Thi Phuong Thao


Fall 2012
Vector Spaces 1
Vector Spaces
Subspaces
Basis and Dimensions
Vector spaces 2
Coordinates (reading)
Summary of Row-equivalence (reading)
Computations Concerning Subspaces
(reading)

Example
Vector OP, a directed line segment from the
origin O to P : P(x
1
, y
1
)

P
x
y
x
1
y
1
O
Example
The sum of two vectors OP and OQ
P
x
y
x
1
y
1
O
x
2
x
1
+x
2
y
2
y
1
+y
2
Q
T
Example
Scalar multiplication
P
x
y
x
1
y
1
O
cx
1
cy
1
Q
Example
Addition is commutative
Addition is associative
Vector 0
1 =
(c
1
c
2
) = c
1
(c
2
)
c( + ) = c + c
(c
1
+ c
2
) = c
1
+ c
2

Definition
A vector space V is a set that is closed under
vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Addition:
Commutativity: X + Y = Y + X
Associativity: (X + Y) + Z = X + (Y + Z)
Vector 0 is unique: 0 + X = X
Vector X is unique: X + (-X) = 0
Definition
Scalar multiplication:
Associativity: r(sX) = (rs)X
Distributivity: (r + s)X = rX + sX
Distributivity: r(X + Y) = rX + rY
Scalar multiplication identity: 1X = X
Examples
R
2
set of vectors in plane
R
3
set of vectors in space
The n-tuple space F
n
The space of m x n matrices, F
m x n
The space of polynomial functions:

Definition
vector in V is said to be a linear
combination of the vectors 1,,n in V
provided there exist scalars c1,,cn in F
such that:
Example
P(x
1
, y
1
) , X(1,0), Y(0,1):


P
x
y
x
1
y
1
O
Y
X
OY y OX x OP . .
1 1

Content
Vector Spaces
Subspaces
Basis and Dimensions
Coordinates (reading)
Summary of Row-equivalence (reading)
Computations Concerning Subspaces
(reading)
Definition
Let V be a vector space over the field F.
A subspace of V is a subset W of V which is
itself a vector space over F with the
operations of vector addition and scalar
multiplication on V.
Theorem
A non-empty subset W of V is a subspace of
V if and only if for each pair of vectors , in
W and each scalar c in F the vector c + is
again in W.
Examples
If V is any vector space, V is a subspace of V; the subset
consisting of the zero vector alone is a subspace of V,
called the zero subspace of V.
In F
n
, the set of n-tuples (x
1
, . . . , x
n
) with x
1
= 0 is a
subspace; however, the set of n-tuples with x
1
= 1 + x
2
is
not a subspace (n > 1).
The space of polynomial functions over the field F is a
subspace of the space of all functions from F into F.
An n x n (square) matrix A over the field F is symmetric if
A
ij
= A
ji
for each i and j. The symmetric matrices form a
subspace of the space of all n X n matrices over F.
Theorem

Definition
Let S be a set of vectors in a vector space V.
The subspace spanned by S is defined to be
the intersection W of all subspaces of V
which contain S.
When S is a finite set of vectors, S =
{1,,n}, we shall simply call W the subspace
spanned by the vectors 1,,n.
Theorem
The subspace spanned by a non-empty
subset S of a vector space V is the set of all
linear combinations of vectors in S.
Content
Vector Spaces
Subspaces
Basis and Dimensions
Coordinates (reading)
Summary of Row-equivalence (reading)
Computations Concerning Subspaces
(reading)
Linearly Independent
Let V be a vector space over F. A subset S of
V is said to be linearly dependent (or simply,
dependent) if there exist distinct vectors
1
,

2
, . . . ,
n
in S and scalars c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
n
in
F, not all of which are 0, such that:
c
1

1
+ c
2

2
+ +c
n

n
= 0
A set which is not linearly dependent is called
linearly independent.
Example of linearly dependent

Example of linearly independent

Some consequences of definition
Any set which contains a linearly
dependent set is linearly dependent.
Any subset of a linearly independent set is
linearly independent.
Any set which contains the 0 vector is
linearly dependent; for 1 * 0 = 0.
A set X of vectors is linearly independent if
and only if each finite subset of S is
linearly independent, i.e., if and only if for
any distinct vectors
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
, of X,
c
1

1
+ c
2

2
+ +c
n

n
= 0 implies each c
i
= 0
Basis and dimension
A basis of a vector space V is defined as a
subset of vectors in that are linearly
independent and span vector space V.
The space V is finite-dimensional if it has
a finite basis.
We define the dimension of a finite-
dimensional vector spaces as the number of
elements in a basis for V . We shall denote
the dimension of space V by dimV.
Theorem
Let V be a vector space which is
spanned by a finite set of vectors
1
,
2
. . ,

n
. Then any independent set of vectors in
V is finite and contains no more than n
elements.
Summary of Vector space 1

Vector spaces
Subspaces
Span
Linearly
independent
Basis and
dimensions
Thats all for today.
Thank you for your attention.

You might also like