Programming in Java

OOP, Object, Class

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Java OOP-class
Outline
OOP programming Paradigm
Object, Class
Encapsulation and Information Hiding
Inheritance (extension) vs. Contain
Object-Oriented Technology: CRC, UML, . . .
The Life Cycle of an Object
Abstract Classes
Interface
Access Modifiers
Nested Class
Upcasting and Polymorphism
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The Object-Oriented (OO) Programming
Paradigm
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the
programming paradigms () in computer science

OOP is the dominant moden programming paradigm

Object-Oriented Programming is well-known in the
business world by the name of Object Technology
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Java OOP-class
Programming Paradigms
Imperative Programming (FORTRAN, C, Pascal, )
The most common programming paradigm
Functional Programming (LISP, )
Logic Programming (Prolog)
(Declarative programming language; )
Object-Oriented Programming
(Smalltalk, C++, Java, )
Simply using C++/Java constructs does not automatically
lead to well-organized Object-Oriented Programs.
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Java OOP-class
Why OO Programming?
Better concepts and tools to model and represent the real
world as closely as possible (including concurrency, e.g., in
Windows GUI)
=> model of reality
=> behavior modeling
Better reusability & extensibility (inheritance)
=> reduce the time/cost of development
Enhanced maintainability & improved reliability
Encapsulation and Information Hiding
Object only accessible through the external interface
Internal implementation details are not visible outside
Localized changes to implementation of classes
Completeness: all required operations are defined
Independent testing and maintenance
Help writing good program more easily
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Objects
An object is a thing.




Example of Objects
Custome
r
John
Dog
Mary
Account
238-49-1357
Object
type
Object name
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Classes
A class (e.g., Dog) is a kind of mold or template to create objects (e.g.,
Mary and DooDoo)
mold = = mould
An object is an instance of a class. The object belongs to that class
Dog
Dog
Mary
Dog
DooDoo
Instance-of
Dog
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What Is an Object?
These real-world objects all have states and behaviors.
Definition: An object is a software bundle of variables
and related methods (function).

A common visual
representation of a
software object.
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Example: Bicycle
The software bicycle's current state:
its speed is 10 mph,
its pedal cadence is 90 rpm, and
its current gear is the 5th gear.



The software bicycle would also have methods to
brake,
change the pedal cadence, and
change gears.

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What Are Classes?
Definition:
A class is a blueprint or prototype
Defines the variables and methods common to all objects of a
certain kind.
The Benefits of Classes
Reusability -- Software programmers use the same class, and the
same code to create many objects.
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Objects vs. Classes
Objects:
E.g., a real car.
Classes: or types
E.g., BMW-500

A Class is a blueprint or template of some objects
Object is an Instance of some class.
Object (, ) -- (Variable)
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An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a user-defined data type that
satisfies the following two conditions: (Encapsulation + Information
Hiding)
The representation of, and operations on, objects of the type are
defined in a single syntactic unit; also, other program units can
create objects of the type.
The representation of objects of the type is hidden from the
program units that use these objects, so the only operations
(methods) possible are those provided in the type's definition
which are known as interfaces.
ADT --- Data Abstraction
ADT: =
(function)
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Encapsulation ()
Hide the object's nucleus from other objects in the program.
The implementation details can change at any time without affecting other
parts of the program.
It is an ideal representation of an object, but
For implementation or efficiency reasons, an object may wish to expose
some of its variables or hide some of its methods.
Benefits:
Modularity
The source code for an object can be written and maintained independently of
the source code for other objects.
Information hiding
An object has a public interface that other objects can use to communicate
with it.
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Classes in Java
A class -- is a template that describes the data and behavior
associated with instances of that class.
An object -- instantiate a class you create an object.
An object is an instance of some class.
The data associated with a class or object is stored in
variables.
The behavior associated with a class or object is
implemented with methods.
Methods are similar to the functions or procedures in C.

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public class Bicycle {
private int speed = 10;
private int pedalCadence = 90;
private int currentGear = 5;
// a constructor!
public void brake() { /* ... */ }
public void changePedalCadence(int x) { /* */ }
public void changeGear(int x) { /* ... */ }
}
Class Bicycle in Java
Not allowed in C++ Language
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Class HelloWorld (Applet version)

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class HelloWorld extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello world!", 50, 25);
}
}


inherit Applet
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What Is Inheritance? (extends)
Subclasses inherit variables and methods from superclasses.
States:
Gear & Speed
Behaviors:
Brake & Accelerate
Subclasses can
Add variables and methods.
Override inherited methods.
Benefits:
Provide specialized behaviors
Reuse the code in the superclass
Abstract classes -- define "generic" behaviors.
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Mankind extends Animal
public class Animal {
private int height = 0;
private int weight = 0;
public void talk( ) { System.out.println(Arhh");}
}

public class Mankind extends Animal {
private int iq = 120;
public void talk( ) { System.out.println("Hello");}
}
Mankind is-a Animal
Should
be in
different
files
One Java file can only have one public class
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Mankind inherits Animal (C++)
class Animal {
int height = 0;
int weight = 0;
public:
void talk( ) { System.out.println("Won");}
};

class Mankind :public Animal {
private: int iq = 120;
public: void talk( ) { System.out.println("Hello");}
} ;

Classes
can be
in same
file
In C++, ";" is required to terminate a class
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Rectangle Contains Point
public class Point {
private int x = 0;
private int y = 0;
}

public class Rectangle {
private int width = 0;
private int height = 0;
private Point origin = new Point();
}
Should
be in
different
files
Car has-a Wheel
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public class Point {
private int x = 0;
private int y = 0;
// a constructor!
public Point(int xxx, int y) {
x = xxx;
this.y = y;
}
}
. . .
Point p = new Point(44,78);
Point and it's constructor
this.y
this.x
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Class may have many Constructors
public class Rectangle {
int width = 0;
int height = 0;
Point origin;
// four constructors
public Rectangle() { origin = new Point(0, 0); }
public Rectangle(Point p) { origin = p; }
public Rectangle(int w, int h) { this(new Point(0, 0), w, h); }
public Rectangle(Point p, int w, int h)
{ origin = p; width = w; height = h; }

// a method for moving the rectangle
public void move(int x, int y) { origin.x = x; origin.y = y; }
// a method for computing the area of the rectangle
public int area() { return width * height; }
}

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What Are Messages?
Message in an object.
Software objects interact and communicate with each other
by sending messages to each other.

When object A wants object B to
perform one of B's methods, object
A sends a message to object B.
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Messaging
Three components comprise a message:
1. The object to whom the message is addressed (Your Bicycle).
2. The name of the method to perform (changeGears).
3. Any parameters needed by the method (lowerGear).




Benefits:
Message passing supports all interactions between objects.
Messages can be sent and received between processes in the same
machine or in different machines.


yourBicycle.changeGears(lowerGear)
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Object-Oriented Technology
Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)
Goal: Understand the domain
Object-Oriented Design (OOD)
Goal: Design a solution, a model of the domain in which the
desired activities occur
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Goal: Implement the solution
Note: A Good Design is 2/3 Before You Hit the Keyboard
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It's a process, not a waterfall
Design is an iterative activity
Start in OOA, go to OOD, forget something in OOA
Get to OOP, realize you didn't understand something and go back
The stages are there to identify emphases
For example, OOA is TOTALLY Language-Independent

Waterfall model
emphases = = emphasis
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Java OOP-class
Object-Oriented Analysis
Step one: Brainstorming Candidate Classes
Write down all the objects that related
Focus on the nouns
Good objects have attributes and services
Now, filter the candidates
Deal with the interface later (Not part of the domain)
Are some candidates attributes of others?
Are some subclasses of others? (Inheritance)
Are some instances of others?
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OOA: CRC Cards
Step two: Write CRC cards and work through scenarios
Class-Responsibility-Collaborator Cards (Cunningham and Beck)
Just 3x5 cards
Data fields (attributes)
Although CRC is not
part of UML, they
add some very useful
insights throughout a
development.
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Java OOP-class
How to use CRC Cards
Make one for each candidate class
Invent scenarios: What should these objects do?
Play the cards
Lay down the card that starts the scenario
Write down its responsibility
Add collaborator objects to help with that responsibility
Pick up cards as they leave the scenario
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Why CRC Cards?
Help you identify objects and their responsibilities
Help you understand interactions between objects
Cards form a useful record of early design activity
Cards work well in group situations and are understandable by
non-technical stakeholders
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Object-Oriented Design
Step one: Create a UML class diagram of your
objects
Step two: Create a detailed description of the
services to be performed
Peter Coad's "I am a Count. I know how to
increment"
Activity, sequence, or collaboration UML diagrams
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MDA-Model Driven Architecture?
A New Way to Specify and Build Systems
2001OMG (http://www.omg.org)
UML Model()
: Analysis, Design, Implementation, Deployment,
Maintenance, Evolution & Integration with later systems (
)

ROI ()
:
Programming language Network
Operating System Middleware
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Unified Modeling Language
There have been O-O gurus for many years
Three of them worked together to define UML (Three
amigos: Booch, Rumbaugh, Jacobson)
Has now been approved as a standard by the Object
Management Group (OMG)
Very powerful, many forms of notation
It's even provable! (with OCL)
http://www.UML.org
amigos = friends
http://www.omg.org
(Object Constrain Language)
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History of the UML( http://www.uml.org/ )
Public
Feedback
Web - June 1996
UML 0.9
Unified Method 0.8
OOPSLA 95
UML 1.0
UML partners
OMG Acceptance, Nov 1997
Final submission to OMG, Sept 1997
First submission to OMG, Jan 1997
UML 1.1
UML 2.0
Approved 2004
Minor revision 1999
UML 1.3
UML 1.4 Minor revision 2001
OOSE Other methods OMT Booch method
Minor revision 2003 UML 1.5
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UML Diagrams
Use case diagrams
Functional behavior of the system as seen by the user.
Class diagrams
Static structure of the system: Objects, Attributes, and
Associations.
Activity diagrams
Dynamic behavior of a system, in particular the workflow, i.e. a flowchart.
Sequence diagrams
Dynamic behavior between actors and system objects.
Statechart diagrams
Dynamic behavior of an individual object as FSM ().
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UML 12 Diagrams
Behavior :
Use Case
Sequence
Collaboration
State Chart
Activity
Structural:
Class
Component
Deployment
Object
Model Management:
Packages (class diagram contains packages)
Subsystems (class diagram contains subsystems)
Models (class diagram contains models)
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Java OOP-class
So, What is UML?
UML is a Unified Modeling Language
UML is a set of notations, not a single methodology
Modeling is a way of thinking about the problems using
models organized around the real world ideas.
Resulted from the convergence of notations from three
leading Object-Oriented methods:
Booch method (by Grady Booch)
OMT (by James Rumbaugh)
OOSE (by Ivar Jacobson)
You can model 80% of most problems by using about 20%
of the UML
UML is a blueprint for building complex software

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UML Core Conventions
Rectangles are classes or instances
Ovals are functions or use cases
Types are denoted with non-underlined names
SimpleWatch
Firefighter
Instances are denoted with an underlined names
myWatch:SimpleWatch
Joe:Firefighter
Diagrams are higraphs
Nodes are entities (e.g. classes, states)
Arcs are relationships among entities (e.g. sender/receiver)
Containment represents belonging (e.g. use cases in package)
Higraphs are an
extension to the
familiar Directed
Graph structure
where nodes are
connected by
edges to other
nodes. Nodes
represent entities
in some domain (in
our case, classes,
packages, methods,
etc.).
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Use Case Diagram examples
WatchUser
WatchRepairPerson
ReadTime
SetTime
ChangeBattery
Actor
Use case
Package
SimpleWatch
Use case diagrams represent the functionality of the system
from users point of view. ( what, how)
A use case documents the
interaction between the
system user and the system.
It is highly detailed in
describing what is required
but is free of most
implementation details and
constraints.
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Class Diagram : a simple Watch
Battery
load()
1
2
Time
now()
PushButton
state
push()
release()
1
1
1
1
1
2
blinkIdx
blinkSeconds()
blinkMinutes()
blinkHours()
stopBlinking()
referesh()
LCDDisplay
SimpleWatch
Class
Association
Operations
Class diagrams represent the structure of the domain or system
Attributes
Multiplicity
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Sequence Diagram
Object
Message Activation
Sequence diagrams represent the behavior as interactions
It shows sequence of events for a particular use case
blinkHours()
blinkMinutes()
incrementMinutes()
refresh()
commitNewTime()
stopBlinking()
pressButton1(
)
pressButton2()
pressButtons1And2()
pressButton1()
:WatchUser
:Time :LCDDisplay :SimpleWatch
Activation
Collaboration Diagram
Object diagram with
numbered messages
Sequence numbers of messages
are nested by procedure call
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button1&2Pressed
button1&2Pressed
button1Pressed
button2Pressed
button2Pressed
button2Pressed
button1Pressed
button1&2Pressed
Increment
Minutes
Increment
Hours
Blink
Hours
Blink
Seconds
Blink
Minutes
Increment
Seconds
Stop
Blinking
State chart Diagrams for the watch
State
Initial state
Final state
Transition
Event
FSM: Finite State Machine
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Activity Diagrams
An activity diagram shows flow control within a system


An activity diagram is a special case of a state chart diagram
in which states are activities (functions)
Two types of states:
Action state:
Cannot be decomposed any further
Happens instantaneously with respect to the level of abstraction used in
the model
Activity state:
Can be decomposed further
The activity is modeled by another activity diagram


Business processuse case;
Handle
Incident
Document
Incident
Archive
Incident
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Classes in UML
Classes describe objects
Behaviour (member function signature / implementation)
Properties (attributes and associations)
Association, aggregation, dependency, and inheritance
relationships
Multiplicity and navigation indicators
Role names
Objects described by classes collaborate
Class relations object relations
Dependencies between classes
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UML Class
Class name
Data members
(attributes)
Instance methods
Arguments
Return types
Class method (static)
Data members, arguments and methods are specified by
visibility name : type
Visibility shown as
+ public
- private
# protected
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Class Attributes
Attributes are the instance data members
and class data members

Class data members (underlined)
are shared between all instances
(objects) of a given class

Data types shown after ":"

Visibility shown as
+ public
- private
# protected
Attribute
compartment
visibility name : type
Class name
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Class Operations (Interface)
Operations are the class
methods with their argument
and return types

Public (+) operations define the
class interface


Class methods (underlined)
can only access to class data
members, no need for a class
instance (object)
Operations
compartment
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Template Classes
Generic classes depending on parametrised types
Type parameter(s)
Operations compartment
as usual, but may have
type parameter instead of
concrete type
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Class Inheritance
Base class or super class
Derived class or subclass
Arrow shows direction
of dependency (B inherits A)
B inherits A's interface,
behaviour and data members
B can extend A, i.e. add new
data members or member functions
B depends on A,
A knows nothing about B
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Multiple Inheritance (Java)
The derived class inherits
interface, behaviour and
data members of all its
base classes

Extension and overriding
works as before
B implements the interface A and
is also a "countable" class since it
inherits class Countable
extends
implements
class B extends Countable implements A { /**/ }
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How can two classes be related?
Generalization-specialization or IsA
NamedBox IsA Box
Diagram: Triangle on the relationship line
Association or HasA
Box HasA Pen
Diagram: Just a relationship line
Aggregation is a part-whole relationship
Diagram: Diamond on the line
Dependency or TalksTo
Dependency is sort of temporary HasA
Diagram: Dashed line in UML
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Recommended Book:
UML Distilled
Serious O-O designers DO use UML
UML Distilled by Martin Fowler is a great practical
introduction to UML
Official UML book series published by Addison-Wesley
http://www.omg.org
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UML Tools
Most complete tool: Rational Rose,
http://www.rational.com
Lots of others
Together by Object International, http://www.oi.com
BOOST (Basic Object-Oriented Support Tool) by Noel Rappin,
available on CD/CoWeb
Argo-UML, ObjectPlant, Posiden, etc.
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O O Features
Encapsulation
Information Hiding (Data Hiding)

Inheritance
Polymorphism
Object
Based
Object Oriented
( )
( )
For Software Reuse
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OO features
Encapsulation
Information Hiding
The concept of abstraction is
fundamental in programming
Subprogram / function
process abstraction
ADT
Data abstraction
Software Reuse
:
Inheritance
Polymorphism

: /
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Class elements
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Constructors
For purpose of initialization objects have special
methods called constructors.
To write a constructor you must adhere to two rules :
1. The method name must exactly match the class
name.
2. There must not be a return type declared for the
method.

Java has NO destructor.
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The Default Constructor
Every class has a constructor.
If you dont write one Java provides one for you. This
constructor takes no arguments and has an empty body.


? What If you write one constructor ?
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Struct in C/C++
#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
long sid;
char name[9]; /* Big5 */
float score[13]; /* 13 */
}; /* */
int main( ) {
struct Student x; /* C++ C99 struct */
x.sid = 123;
strcpy(x.name, "") ; /* */
/* loop x.score[?] */
}
Why using struct ?
Java has no struct
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Struct vs. Class in C++ (1/2)
#include <iostream.h>
class Student { // struct Student { ?
long sid;
};
int main( ) {
Student x;
x.sid = 123; // compile, access not allowed
cout << "== " << x.sid << endl; // compile
return 0;
}
private
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Struct vs. Class in C++ (2/2)
#include <iostream.h>
class Student { // private:
long sid;
public: showNumber( ) { return sid; }
setId( long xx) { sid = xx; }
};
int main( ) {
Student x, y;
x.setId(123); // OK, public function setId( )
cout << " == " << x.showNumber( ) << endl; // OK
return 0;
}
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Class(Object) Constructor 1/4 (C++)
#include <iostream.h>
class Student { // private:
long sid;
public: showNumber( ) { return sid; }
setId( long xx) { sid = xx; }

};
int main( ) {
Student x, m, n;
Student y(456); // Error
x.setId(123);
return 0;
}
Student y(456) ; !
default constructor

default constructor

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Class(Object) Constructor 2/4 (C++)
#include <iostream.h>
class Student { // private:
long sid;
public: showNumber( ) { return sid; }
setId( long xx) { sid = xx; }
Student(long x) { sid = x; }
};
int main( ) {
Student x; // Error
Student y(456); // OK now
x.setId(123);
return 0;
}
Student y(456) ; OK
constructor
Student x; !
default constructor

:
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#include <iostream.h>
class Student { // private:
long sid;
public: showNumber( ) { return sid; }
setId( long x) { sid = x; }
Student(long x=0) { sid = x; }
};
int main( ) {
Student x, y(456); // OK
x.setId(123);
return 0;
}
Student x;

Default
Class(Object) Constructor 3/4 (C++)
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#include <iostream.h>
class Student { // private:
long sid;
public: showNumber( ) { return sid; }
setId( long xx) { sid = xx; }
Student(long x) { sid = x; cout << "Hehehe\n"; }
Student( ) { sid=0; cout << "Haha\n"; }
};
int main( ) {
Student x, y(456); // OK
x.setId(123);
return 0;
}
Student x;

constructor
Class(Object) Constructor 4/4 (C++)
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More about Classes
Properties:
Single implementation inheritance - extends
The inherited class is called superclass.
Multiple interface inheritance - implements
All classes inherit from java.lang.Object
Scope: (next slide)
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Scope

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The Life Cycle of an Object Creation (I)
Creating Objects
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();
Declaring an Object
Object declarations can also appear alone :
Rectangle rect;
In Java, classes and interfaces can be used as data types.
Declarations do not create new objects.
Instantiating an Object
The new operator allocates memory for a new object.
The new operator requires a argument: a call to a constructor.
The new operator creates the object, and the constructor initializes it.
new Rectangle(100, 200);
The new operator returns a reference to the newly created object.
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(100,200);
After this statement, rect refers to a Rectangle object.
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The Life Cycle of an Object -- Creation (II)
Initializing an Object
Constructors have the same name as the class and have no return
type.
public Rectangle(Point p)
public Rectangle(int w, int h)
public Rectangle(Point p, int w, int h)
public Rectangle()
Example:
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(100, 200);
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(
new Point(44,78));
A constructor can takes no arguments, is called a no-argument
constructor.
If a class does not define any constructors, Java provides a no-
argument constructor, called the default constructor.
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The Life Cycle of an Object -- Access
Using Objects
Referencing an Object's Variables
objectReference.variable
Example:
int areaOfRectangle = rect.height * rect.width;
Calling an Object's Methods
objectReference.methodName(); or
objectReference.methodName(argumentList);
Example:
rect.move(15, 37);
int areaOfRectangle =
new Rectangle(100, 50).area();
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The Life Cycle of an Object Cleanup
Cleaning Up Unused Objects
An object is eligible for garbage collection when there are no more
references to that object.
The Garbage Collector
Automatically frees an object, if not referenced.
prevents memory leaks
claimed delay ~200ms for 4MB
Mark-sweep garbage collector
The garbage collector runs in a low-priority thread.
When the system runs out of memory.
In response to a request from a Java program.
When the system is idle.
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Finalization
When freeing an object, the system will call this first.
The finalize method is a member of the Object class.
Implementing a finalize method to release resources that
aren't under the control of the garbage collector, such as native
peers.
Scenario: For a file object, when freed, need to close it.
Problem: Make the internal JVM implementation for
memory management very complicated.
Example
public class Rectangle {
public Point origin;
. . .
protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
origin = null;
super.finalize();
}
}

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Example for Overriding (1/2)
class Point {
protected int x,y;
Point(int x, int y) {this.x = x; this.y = y;}
void draw(){
System.out.println(Point at+x+,+y);
};
}
Subclassing:
class Cpoint extends Point{
private Color c;
Cpoint(int i, int j, Color c){
super(i,j);
this.c =c;
};
void draw(){
System.out.println(Color Point at + i + , + j + , + c);
};
}

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Example for Overriding (2/2)
class PointApp{
public static void main(){
Point p = new Point(5,5);
Cpoint cp = new Cpoint(1,1,Red);
p.draw();
cp.draw();
p = cp;
p.draw();
// call Points draw() or Cpoints draw()?
}
}

Overriding overloading !
75
Java OOP-class
Overloading
A Method's Name (function name)
Java supports method name overloading so that multiple methods can
share the same name.
class DataRenderer {
void draw(String s) { . . . }
void draw(int i) { . . . }
void draw(float f) { . . . }
}
Overloaded methods are differentiated by the number and type of the
arguments.
A subclass may override a method in its superclass.
The overriding method must have the same name, return type, and parameter
list as the method it overrides.
Java operator overloading
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Java OOP-class
Abstract Classes in Java
Abstract classes created using the abstract keyword:
public abstract class MotorVehicle { }
In an abstract class, several abstract methods are declared.
- An abstract method is not implemented in the class, only declared. The
body of the method is then implemented in subclass.
- An abstract method is decorated with an extra abstract keyword.
Abstract classes can not be instantiated! So the following is
illegal:
MotorVehicle m = new MotorVehicle; // !
//
//
77
Java OOP-class
Abstract methods
Abstract methods are declared but do not contain an
implementation.
For example, the MotorVehicle class may have an abstract
method gas( ):
public abstract class MotorVehicle {
private double speed, maxSpeed;
void accToMax( ) { speed = maxSpeed;} //!
public abstract void gas( ); // ; C++ =0;
/* */
}
So MotorVehicle can NOT be instantiated
(ie., can not be used to create an object.)
78
Java OOP-class
Example of Abstract Classes (1/2)
Example:
abstract class Stack {
abstract void push(Object o);
abstract Object pop();
}

public class ArrayStack extends Stack {
.... // declare elems[] and top;
void push(Object o) { elems[top++] = o; }
Object pop() { return elems[--top]; }
}

class LinkedStack extends Stack {
.... // declare ...
void push(Object o) { .... }
Object pop() { .... }
}
79
Java OOP-class
Example of Abstract Classes (2/2)

// ============================== Another file
...
static public int testStack(Stack s) { ....
s.push(x); s.push(y);
o1 = s.pop(); o2 = s.pop();
// check if o1 == y && o2 == x.
}
...
ArrayStack as = new ArrayStack();
testStack(as);
...


80
Java OOP-class
Interfaces
Defines a set of methods that a class must implement
An interface is like a class with nothing but abstract methods
and final and static fields (constants).
An interface can also have fields, but the fields must be
declared as final and static.
All methods are abstract implicitly.

Interface can be added to a class that is already a subclass of
another class. (implements)
To declare an interface:
public interface ImportTax {
public double calculateTax( );
}
81
Java OOP-class
Example of Interfaces (1/2)
interface Stack {
void push(Object o);
Object pop();
}

public class ArrayStack implements Stack {
.... // declare elems[] and top;
void push(Object o) { elems[top++] = o; }
Object pop() { return elems[--top]; }
}

class LinkedStack implements Stack {
.... // declare ...
void push(Object o) { .... }
Object pop() { .... }
}

82
Java OOP-class
Example of Interfaces (2/2)

//============================== Another file
...
static public int testStack(Stack s) { ....
s.push(x); s.push(y);
o1 = s.pop(); o2 = s.pop();
// check if o1 == y && o2 == x.
}
...
ArrayStack as = new ArrayStack();
testStack(as);
...

83
Java OOP-class
Difference between Abstract Class and Interface
An abstract class is a class containing several abstract methods.
Each abstract method is prefixed with the keyword abstract.
An abstract class can not be instantiated but can be extended
(subclassed).
An interface contains only abstract methods and constants.
Each abstract method is not prefixed with the keyword
abstract.
An interface can only be implemented.
84
Java OOP-class
How C++ Deals with Interfaces
or Abstract Classes
Use virtual functions:

class Stack {
virtual void push(void* o) = NULL;
virtual void* pop() = NULL; // NULL 0
}
// C++ virtual = NULL; = 0;
// = NULL; =0; virtual functionpure virtual function
// Java virtual
What are the internal designs?
Key for the designs of COM/DCOM (MicroSoft)

85
Java OOP-class
Example for C++
class ArrayStack : Stack {
.... // declare elems[] and top;
void push(Object o) { elems[top++] = o; }
Object pop() { return elems[--top]; }
}
class LinkedStack : Stack {
.... // declare ...
void push(Object o) { .... }
Object pop() { .... }
}
============================== Another file
...
int testStack(Stack s) { ....
s.push(x); s.push(y);
o1 = s.pop(); o2 = s.pop();
// check if o1 == y && o2 == x.
}
...
ArrayStack as = new ArrayStack();
testStack(as);
...

86
Java OOP-class
Packages and Library
Organize class name space
Hierarchical division must be reflected in directory structure, i.e.,
package cyc.sys;
import java.io.*;
class Login { /* in fact, this is cyc.sys.Login */ }
Default packages (library) -- JDK
java.lang - Object, Thread, Exception, String,...
java.io - InputStream, OutputStream, ...
java.net - Networking
support for Socket & URL-based objects
java.awt - Abstract window toolkit
defines a simple, restricted windowing API
java.util - Hashtable, Vector, BitSet, Regexp, ..
java.tools - Compilation, Debugging, Documentation

87
Java OOP-class
Naming a Package
The name of the Rectangle class in the graphics package
is really graphics.Rectangle
The name of the Rectangle class in the java.awt package
is really java.awt.Rectangle
Convention
com.company.package
com.company.region.package
Java graphics.Rectangle
88
Java OOP-class
Access Modifiers
(no keyword): class/package access (different from C++)
I.e., package available
public: world access (same as C++)
private: class access (same as C++)
protected: subclassing access(same as C++)

static: only one copy for all instances
abstract: left unimplemented
final: not overridden
native: methods implemented in native code.
synchronized: described in Thread
transient: data that is not persistent
89
Java OOP-class
Comparisons

Controlling Access to Members of a Class






Specifier Class Subclass Package World
private X
protected X X X
public X X X X
package X X


X !
90
Java OOP-class
Static
static:
only one copy for the class and all instances
Usually used as a global variable (even no instances)
class TestStatic {
int x, y, z;
int average() {return (x+y+z)/3; }

static int j = 0;
static int peek() {
j += 2;
x = 3; // error!
}
static int k = peek();
static { j = j*5; } // done when loading class
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
TestStatic ts = new TestStatic();
int ave = ts.average();
...
}
}
Static method
Static block
Static variable j,k
Static
method
91
Java OOP-class
Final
Final variables:
The value of a final variable cannot change after it has been
initialized.
Such variables are similar to constants in other programming
languages.
final Color red = Color.red;
A final local variable that has been declared but not yet initialized is
called a blank final.
final int blankfinal;
. . .
blankfinal = 0;
Final methods: methods that cannot be overridden.
Prevent clients from overriding.
Allow for JIT to optimize.

92
Java OOP-class
Transient vs. Volatile
transient : used in object serialization to mark member
variables that should not be serialized.
volatile : used to prevent the compiler from
performing certain optimizations on a member.

93
Java OOP-class
Nested Class
A nested class is a class that is a member of another class.
class EnclosingClass{
. . .
class ANestedClass {
. . .
}
}
Define a class within another class when the nested class
makes sense only in the context of its enclosing class.
For example, a text cursor makes sense only in the context of a
particular text component.
A nested class has a special privilege:
It has unlimited access to its enclosing class's members, even for
private.
Just like a method that can access private.
94
Java OOP-class
Types of Nested Class
class EnclosingClass{
. . .
static class AStaticNestedClass {
. . .
}
class InnerClass {
. . . /* static is wrong in this inner class */
}
}
A static nested class is called: a static nested class.
A static nested class cannot refer directly to instance variables or
methods defined in its enclosing class
A nonstatic nested class is called an inner class.
An inner class is associated with an instance of its enclosing class and
has direct access to that object's instance variables and methods.
Because an inner class is associated with an instance, it cannot define
any static members itself.

95
Java OOP-class
Nested vs. Inner
To help differentiate the terms nested class and inner class:
The term "nested class" reflects the syntactic relationship between
two classes.
In contrast, the term "inner class" reflects the relationship between
instances of the two classes.
An instance of InnerClass can exist only within an instance of
EnclosingClass,
It has direct access to instance variables and methods of its enclosing
instance.

class EnclosingClass {
. . .
class InnerClass {
. . .
}
}

96
Java OOP-class
Example: Adaptor
Using an Inner Class to Implement an Adapter
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
public class Stack {
private java.util.Vector items;

// ... code for Stack's methods and constructors not shown...

public Enumeration enumerator() {
return new StackEnum();
}

class StackEnum implements Enumeration {
int currentItem = items.size() - 1;
public boolean hasMoreElements() {
return (currentItem >= 0);
}
public Object nextElement() {
if (!hasMoreElements())
throw new NoSuchElementException();
else
return items.elementAt(currentItem--);
}
}
}


97
Java OOP-class
Anonymous Class
You can declare an inner class without naming it.
Example: (Rewrite the previous slide.)

public class Stack {
private Vector items;
...//code for Stack's methods and constructors not shown...
public Enumeration enumerator() {
return new Enumeration() {
int currentItem = items.size() - 1;
public boolean hasMoreElements() {
return (currentItem >= 0);
}
public Object nextElement() {
if (!hasMoreElements())
throw new NoSuchElementException();
else
return items.elementAt(currentItem--);
}
};
}
}

98
Java OOP-class
Upcasting and Polymorphism(1/4)
Upcasting: Taking an object reference and treating it as a
reference to its base type is called upcasting, because of the
way inheritance trees are drawn with the base class at the top.
.
99
Java OOP-class
Upcasting and Polymorphism (2/4)
Polymorphism: In Java, the principle that the actual type of the
object determines the method to be called is called polymorphism.
class Shape {
void draw( ) {}
void erase( ) {}
}

class Circle extends Shape {
void draw( ) {
System.out.println("Circle.draw( ) ");
}
void erase( ) {System.out.println("Circle.erase( )");}
}
Shape
draw()
erase()
Square
draw()
erase()
Triangle
draw()
erase()
Circle
draw()
erase()
100
Java OOP-class
class Square extends Shape {
void draw( ) {
System.out.println("Square.draw( ) ");
}
void erase( ) {System.out.println("Square.erase( )");}}

class Triangle extends Shape {
void draw( ) {
System.out.println("Triangle.draw( )");
}
void erase( ) {System.out.println("Triangle.erase( )");}
}
Upcasting and Polymorphism (3/4)
101
Java OOP-class
public class Shapes {
public static Shape randShape() {
switch((int) (Math.random()*3)) {
case 0: return new Circle();
case 1: return new Square();
case 2: return new Triangle();
default : return new Circle();}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape[] s = new Shape[9];
for (int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
s[i] = randShape();
//Make polymorphism method calls:
for (int i = 0; i < s.length; i++) s[i].draw();
}
}
Upcasting and Polymorphism (4/4)
102
Java OOP-class
Polymorphism in C++ (1/2)
// polymo.cpp -- CopyWrong by [email protected]
#include <iostream.h>
class Shape{
public:
virtual // run
void draw( ) { cout << "drawing\n"; }
};
class Line: public Shape{
public:
void draw( ) { cout << "draw a line\n"; }
};
class Circle: public Shape{
public:
void draw( ) { cout << "here is a circle\n"; }
};
103
Java OOP-class
Polymorphism in C++ (2/2)
int main(){
Circle * ppp;
Shape * fig[9];
// ppp = new Shape(); // error
ppp = (Circle *)new Shape();
ppp -> draw();
ppp = (Circle *)new Line(); ppp -> draw();
ppp = new Circle(); ppp -> draw();
cout << "======" << endl;
fig[0] = new Line();
fig[1] = new Circle();
fig[2] = new Circle();
fig[3] = new Line(); fig[4] = new Circle();
for(int k=0; k<5; k++){
fig[k] -> draw();
}
}
104
Java OOP-class
Java: OOP, Object, Class

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