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Introduction To Signals

This document introduces key concepts about signals including: - A signal is a set of information or data that is a function of time, such as a telephone signal. - The energy of a signal is defined as the integral of the signal amplitude squared over time. Power is defined as the time derivative of energy. - A signal is an energy signal if its energy is finite, and a power signal if its average power over any interval is finite. A signal cannot be both an energy and power signal.

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IAmAbdullah
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29 views

Introduction To Signals

This document introduces key concepts about signals including: - A signal is a set of information or data that is a function of time, such as a telephone signal. - The energy of a signal is defined as the integral of the signal amplitude squared over time. Power is defined as the time derivative of energy. - A signal is an energy signal if its energy is finite, and a power signal if its average power over any interval is finite. A signal cannot be both an energy and power signal.

Uploaded by

IAmAbdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Signals

Chapter 02

Lecture 02
01/10/2014 EEE 352 2
Signals
A signal is a set of information or data.

Examples
a telephone or television signal,
monthly sales of a corporation,
the daily closing prices of a stock market

We deal exclusively with signals that are
functions of time.
01/10/2014 EEE 352 3
Speech Signal
01/10/2014 EEE 352 4
Energy of Signals
The signal energy E
g
of g(t) is defined (for
a real signal) as


In the case of a complex valued signal
g(t), the energy is given by
01/10/2014 EEE 352 5
Power of Signals
Power of the signal is defined as

01/10/2014 EEE 352 6
Energy Signals
A signal g(t) is an energy signal if E
g
<

A necessary condition for the energy to be
finite is that the signal amplitude goes to zero
as time tends to infinity

01/10/2014 EEE 352 7


Power Signal
A signal is a power signal if




A signal cannot be an energy and a power
signal at the same time

01/10/2014 EEE 352 8
Energy Signal
01/10/2014 EEE 352 9
Power Signal
01/10/2014 EEE 352 10
Unit Impulse Function
The Unit Impulse function or Dirac function
is defined as



Multiplication of a function by an impulse


) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( t t t o | o | =
01/10/2014 EEE 352 11
Delayed impulse


Sampling property of the Unit Impulse
Function
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( T t T T t t = o | o |
) 0 ( ) ( ) ( | o | =
}


dt t t
) ( ) ( ) ( T dt T t t | o | =
}


01/10/2014 EEE 352 12
Unit Step function
Unit step function u(t), defined as


01/10/2014 EEE 352 13
SIGNALS AND VECTORS
Vector g can be expressed in terms of
vector x as

or
The inner product between two vectors is
e x g + =c
x g c ~
u cos x g x g =
2
0 cos x x x x x = =
01/10/2014 EEE 352 14
length component of g along x axis is
and

Therefore

Multiplying both sides by the length of x


Note that c is zero if both vectors are orthogonal
u cos g x c
u cos = g x c
x g x g x x = = u cos c
2
x
x g
= c
01/10/2014 EEE 352 15
Component of a signal
We can do similar study for two signals




When c is zero both signals are orthogonal
x
t
t
t
t
t
t
E
dt t x t g
dt t x
dt t x t g
c
}
}
}
= =
2
1
2
1
2
1
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
2
01/10/2014 EEE 352 16
Orthogonality in Complex Signals
Similarly for complex signals
x
t
t
E
dt t x t g
c
}
=
2
1
) ( ) (
*
01/10/2014 EEE 352 17
Energy of orthogonal signals
If vectors x and y are orthogonal, and if
z = x + y
|z|
2
= |x|
2
+ |y|
2
(Pythagorean Theorem)

If signals x(t) and y(t) are orthogonal and if
z(t) = x(t) + y(t)
then
E
z
= E
x
+ E
y

01/10/2014 EEE 352 18
Proof
01/10/2014 EEE 352 19
Questions?

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