SCADA-Networking Protocol for

data exchange
By
M K Ramesh
Manager(Grid Management),SRLDC, Bangalore.
Presentation covers
SCADA
Major Sub-Division
SCADA Hardware
SCADA Software
Communication
Field Instrumentation
* RTU
* ADAPTATION WORK
Networking Protocol
- IEC 870-5-101
- ICCP
- TCP/IP



Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition System
THREE MAJOR SUB-DIVISION OF SCADA
COMMUNICATION
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL
SCADA SYSTEM
SCADA
H/W &
S/W
MEDIA
C TX
O RX
M E
M Q
N P
T
C TX
O Rx
M E
M Q
N P
T

R

T

U

T P
R A
A N
N E
S L
D
U
C
E
R

C & R

PANEL
CONTROL
CENTRE
SUBSTATION / GENERATNG
STATION
COMMN
MEDIA

SRLDC BANGALORE

FUNCTIONS OF SCADA

DATA ACQUISITION.
PROCESSING OF ACQUIRED DATA.
DATA EXCHANGE.
LIMIT / STATUS MONITORING & ALARMING.
NETWORK STATUS PROCESSOR.
SEQUENCE OF EVENT RECORDING.
INFORMATION STORAGE & RETRIEVAL.
SUPERVISORY CONTROL.

GUI FACILITIES
PAN, ZOOM, DECLUTTER, NAVIGATOR
ALARM FEATURES
LISTING
SETTING
ACKNOWLEDGING
ENABLE/DISABLE
AUDIO ON/OFF
EVENT LIST
OPERATOR CONTROLS
CHANGE TO/FROM ALARM CONDITIONS
NON-ALARM CHANGE OF STATE
SOE
ADD/REMOVE CONTROL/INFO TAG
ADD/REMOVE MANUAL OVERRIDE
APPLY/REMOVE ALARM DISABLE
Data Acquisition Parameters

Circuit Breaker Status
Isolator Status
SOE data
Voltage
Frequency
Current
Active Power
Reactive Power
OLTC tap position


Weather Station data
( for EMS functions )
Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Wind direction
Wind Speed
Humidity
Rainfall
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF
SCADA SYSTEM
SCADA Hardware and Software.
Communication System.
RTU
Adaptation Work
Auxilliary Power Supply Unit

SCADA HARD WARE ELEMENTS IN CONTROL
CENTRE
MAIN SERVERS (Acquisition, Backup, EMS,DTS
Front End Processors (FEP)
Routers, Hubs, LAN Network.
Workstations for Man Machine Interface (MMI)
Video Projection Displays (VPD)
Optical Disk, Cartridge Magnetic Tapes.
Loggers, Line Printers, Laser Printers (colour /b/w)
Time and Frequency system
Weather station Equipments.
SERVERS
High End Computers with RISC capabilities
With ASCII Terminal
Data Acquisition Servers(FEP)
RT Data Server
AGC Server
Network Study Server
ICCP Server
Data Base Management Server
Historical Data Server
DTS Server
CLIENTS
Display Computers with High Graphics capabilities
Machines used for Interface between Operators, Engineers,
Managers with the Servers and have GUI facility.
The functions are Real Time Displays (Data, Graphs, Trends,
SLDs, Grid ..)
Data Base Design Interface
Historical Data Analysis Interface
AGC Interface
PNA Interface
ICCP Interface
Programming Interface
DTS Interface
Playback Interface


CONTROL CENTRE HARDWARE
CONTROL CENTRE HARDWARE
FRONT END PROCESSOR(FEP)
HDD 10GB
CD ROM
1
-
8
9-
16
17-
24
25-32
33-
40
41-
48
ESD BOND POINT
M
V
M
E
3600-1
PM
604
Dual

M
V
M
E
162
410
M
V
M
E
162
410
1 16
FRONT PANEL INDICATOR
CHS(YELLOW)-C HECKSTOP-L ights when halt condition from
processor is detected.
BFL(yellow)-B oard Failure-L ights when the board fail.
CPU(green)-C PU activity-Lights when data bus busy(DBB).
PCI(green)-P CI activity-T his indicates that the PCI mezzanine
is active.
FUS(green)-F u se OK-Lights when =5Vdc,+12Vdc and 12Vdc
power is available from base board to the transition module
and remote devices.
SYS(green) System Controller Lights when the system is
healthy.
CISCO ROUTER 7200
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
V.35 200PIN
LAN
FLASH MEMORY AUX MONITOR
7200 SERIES ROUTER
CISSCO 7200 SERIES ROUTER MODEL 7206.
NPE 200 ( NETWORK PROCESSING ENGINE)
V.35 INTER FACE FOR WIDE BAND COMMUNICATION
10 BASE T ETHERNET INTERFACE WITH 4 PORTS FOR
LAN
CONSOLE / MONITOR SERIAL 25 PIN PORT
FLASH CARD FOR IOS LOADING
IOS (INTER OPERATING SYSTEM) VER 11.
ETHERNETSWITCH / HUB
SMART STACT MAKE INTELLIGENT SWITCH
WITH 24 PORTS.
HIGH SPEED PORTS 2 NOS
10-BASE T PORTS ARE 20NOS
ALL PORTS ARE PROGRAMMABLE.
SCADA SYSTEM S/W
1. OPERATING SYSTEM: -
Should be highly reliable because of ROUND the clock
operation on Real Time System-UNIX,MVS,NT
2. DATA BASE
Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS)
There will be multiple and independent DB ( Depends upon
the software design & operation)
SCADA Data Base
Historical Data Base
Real Time Data Base
PSA Data Base

3. APPLICATIONS
Data Acquisition and Displays
Data Recording for Historical Analysis
Picture Editor
Data Base Management ( All Modeling )
Automatic Generation Control
Power Network Analysis
Generation Scheduling
Load Fore Casting

5. Programming Languages
FORTRAN,C,C++,Sybase,Oracle,Visual C
6. communication protocols
Inter Control Centre Protocol

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

BASED ON MEDIA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AS
FOLLOWS.

PLCC ( POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)
BSNL LEASED LINE
RADIO COMMUNICATION
- VHF / UHF COMMUNICATION
- MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION


VIJAYAWADA
TALLAPALLI
GAJUWAKA
VIDYUTH SOUDHA
GOOTY
SALEM400
UDUMALPET
TRICHUR NORTH
MADURAI
TRICHY
SRIPERUMBUDUR
NEYVELI
CHINAKAMPALLY
DAVANAGERE
RAMAGUNDAM
PONDY
SOMANAHALLI
P
N
PALLOM
KAYANKULAM
RSCC (1)
CPCC (1)
SLDC (4)
SUB-LDC / SCC (14)
FIBRE OPTIC LINK 110/132kv
FIBRE OPTIC LINK (220kv)
FIBRE OPTIC LINK (400kv)
FIBRE OPTIC LINK (SEB)
MICROWAVE LINK (35 links)
SATELLITE LINK (KEB)
RTU LOCATIONS (201)
SOUTHERN REGION OVERALL TELECOM BACKBONE NETWORK
WARANGAL
PEDAPALLI
DURSHED
JAMMIKUNTA
VTPS
VIZAG SWS
KAKINADA
BOMMUR
BHIMADOLE
NSAGAR PH
SRISAILAM PH
SRISAILAM LBPH
KURNOOL
SOMAYAJULAPALLI
MUDDANOOR RTPP
ANANTHAPUR
SHAPURNAGAR
GHANAPUR
CH.GUTTA
HYDERABAD 400
LEGEND LEGEND
CHALAKUDI
KALAMASSERY
VIAKKAM
KUNDRA
PARIPALLI
TRIVANDRUM NORTH
VYDYUTHI BHAVANAM
KOZHIKODE
KANNUR-B
MADURAI400
CHENNAI
CHIDAMBARAM
MYLADUTURAI
SALEM230
ERODE
SIVAGANGA
KARAIKUDI
THIRUMAYAM
PUDUKOTTAI
THIRUVARUR
ORTHANADU
KOVILVENNI
ADANIKOTTAI
INGUR
PONGALORE
PANRUTI
VILLIANUR
SP.KOVIL
BANGALORE
KUMBALGODI
HUBLI
Date of commissioning : January 2002
APSEB
RTUS
82
TNEB
RTUS
40
KSEB
RTUS
30
KEB
RTUS
22
PONDY
RTUS
05
CENTRAL
SECTOR RTUS
22
Communication Channel for Information flow
Sub-LDC
SLDC
RLDC
SLDC
Sub-LDC
RTU RTU
Wide Band /
PLCC Commn
Wide Band
Commn
Wide Band
Commn
(MW / FO)
RTU

Sub-LDC


Sub-LDC


Sub-LDC


Sub-LDC

Info. From RTUs
SLDC
Info. From RTUs
Info. From RTUs
Info. From RTUs
Nodal centre for despatch operation in the State - SLDC
(Intermediate in the Hierarchy)
Wide band network
Data from Sub-LDCs under its control is gathered through Digital Microwave
/ Fibre optic network and processed by the SLDC for effective monitoring and
control. Data is further processed to the next level viz., the Regional level

Wide Band Network
Data from the SLDCs is passed on to the Regional Load Despatch Centre
(RLDC) through Digital Microwave / Fibre optic system
APTRANSCO-SLDC
TNEB-SLDC
KPTCL-SLDC
RLDC
KSEB-SLDC
PONDY-SCC
CS-RTUs
Regional Load Despatch Centre at Bangalore
(The Highest in Hierarchy)
SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION SYSTEM(PLCC) AT
SUB-STN/GEN ST
RTU
N
S
K
5

PLCC T x / R x
SPEECH / DATA
PANEL
RS 232 CONNECTIVITY
PLCC
INDOOR EQUIMENT

SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION SYSTEM(WIDE BAND)

RTU
MUX
RADIO
TX / RX

OLTE OLTE
RADIO
TX / RX
MUX
MUX
MUX
FEP
FEP
RTU
DIGITAL MICROWAVE

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM

SUBSTATION/ GEN STN SIDE
CONTROL CENTRE
Auxiliary Power Supply System
Uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) systems for all
SCADA/EMS computers and support equipment at
control centres
Emergency standby diesel electric generator sets to
supplement the normal power sources at control
centres
Redundant 48V DC power supply systems for RTUs,
communication equipment, PABX, emergency
lighting, miscellaneous support equipment at control
centres and field sites
FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FIELD
INSTRUMENTATION
OUT DOOR EQUIPMENTS
- CVTs / PTs
- CTs
LIGHTING ARRESTORS
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
ISOLATORS
INDOOR EQUIPMENTS
- CONTROL & RELAY PANELS
-TRANSDUCERS
- RTUs
AUXILLIARY POWER SUPPLY
OUT DOOR EQUIPMENTS
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CT CONSIST OF TOROIDAL AND HAVE SINGLE PRIMARY TURN, THE POWERR
CONDUCTOR WHICH PASSES THROUGH THE CENTRE.
CT RATIO RESULTS FROM NO OF TURNS WOUND ON THE CORE TO MAKE UP
THE SECONDARY WINDING.
PERFORMANCE OF CT BASED ON FOLLOWING:
1) CORE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
2) DIAMETER
3) MAGNETIC PROPERTIES.
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CT:
1)TO MEASURE THE CURRENT(METERING)
2)FOR PROTECTION
3) IT PROVIDES CURRENT REPLICA FOR METERING, CONTROL & PROTECTIVE
RELAY.
CT PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISED BY RATIO CORRECTION FACTORS,
SATURATION VOLTAGE, PHASE ANGLE ERROR AND RATED BURDENS.
TYPES OF CTs
METERING CT: IT WILL HAVE SMALL CORE CROSS SECTION TO
MINIMIZE EXCITING CURRENT EFFECTS. It ALLOW TO
SATURATE AT FAULT CURRENT LEVEL.

PROTECTION CT: EXCITING CURRENT AT LOW LOAD IS NOT
CONSIDERED IMPORTANT.

RELAYING CTS: IT IS DESIGNED TO FAITHFULLY REPRODUCE
THE CURRENT AT MANY TIME. THEIR THERMAL RATING TO
ALLOW ACCURATE SENSING OF FAULTS.
POTENTIAL SOURCE
POTENTIAL SOURCE ARE
1) Potential Transformers : It is wound Transformer which provide the best performance with ratio &
phase angle suitable for billing.

2) Capacitive Voltage Transformer: It Use capacitor stack diver to obtain a primary voltage replica and it
is not much accurate.

-Metering grade CVTs are Less stable and Less Accurate than PTs.
It is affected by Load & Ambient Temp.

In the field these can be calibrated indiviually to bring ratio error with in 1% and it can be recalibrated
when the load has changed.

Older CVTs can be expected to change ratio upto +/- 5% with Ambient Temp variation.

SCADA system metering have to consider all criteria.

Periodic calibration program for CVTs can also help to maintain their performance at satisefactorly.
INDOOR EQUIPMENTS
TRANSDUCERS
TRANSDUCERS
TRANSDUCER IS A DEVICE WHICH CAN CONVERT ONE FORM OF ENERGY
TO ANOTHER FORM OF ENERGY WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN PHYSICAL
QUANTITY.

TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS:
- VOLTAGE TRANSDUCER
- CURRENT TRANSDUCER
- FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
- ACTIVE / REACTIVE POWER TRANSDUCER.

RESPONSE TIME: <400ms TO 99% OF RATED OUTPUT.
OUTPUT FULLY PROTECTED AGAINST OPEN / SHORT CIRCUIT.
TRANSDUCERS
CLASSIFICATION
SELF POWERED/AUXILARY POWERED
INPUT
VOLTAGE/CURRENT/POWER/POSITION
OUTPUT
0-10mA, 420mA, 0--5mA 0-5v,0-10v
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
500,1000,2000
ACCURACY
0.2 CLASS, 0.5 CLASS, CLASS 2 AND ABOVE
Voltage Transducers
Measures any phase to phase voltage providing an output to
the RTU analog input point.
Rated Quantities
- Rated Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115v phase to phase
- Measured range 0 to 120 % of the rated voltage
- Frequency 50 Hz, Range 45 to 55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- 48 volts external DC Power supply




Frequency Transducers
Measures the line frequency providing an output to the RTU
analog input point.
Rated input Quantities
- Rated Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115v phase to phase
- Measuring range 45 55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply




Current Transducers
Measures the single phase current providing an output to the
RTU analog input point.
Rated Quantities
- Rated Current 1A or 5A
- Measured range 0 to 120 % of the rated current
- Frequency 50 Hz, Range 45 to 55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply




Active Power Transducers
Measures 3 phase active power either balanced or unbalanced
2 wattmeter method measuring bi-directional power flow
Rated Quantities
- Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115V phase to phase
- Current 1A or 5A
- Frequency 50 Hz, range 45-55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply




Reactive
Power Transducers
Measures 3 phase reactive power either balanced or unbalanced
2 wattmeter method measuring bi-directional reactive power flow
Rated Quantities
- Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115V phase to phase
- Current 1A or 5A
- Frequency 50 Hz, range 45-55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply




OLTC Transducers
Measures the tap position of a transformer providing output to
the RTU analog input point.
Rated input Quantities
- Supports a wide range of resistance per tap from 1000 ohms to
25 K ohms
- Supports total number of taps from 9 to 25
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- 48 V external DC





RTU
Remote Terminal Units
The SCADA RTU is
small rugged computer
provides intelligence in the field,
allows the central SCADA master to communicate with the
field instruments.
stand alone data acquisition and control unit.
Its function are
to control process equipment at the remote site
acquire data from the equipment
transfer the data back to the central SCADA system.

TYPES OF RTU

SINGLE BOARD RTU

MODULAR RTU
SINGLE BOARD RTU

COMPACT,
CONTAINS ALL I/O ON A SINGLE BOARD.
NORMALLY HAS FIXED I/O
16 DIGITAL INPUTS, 8 DIGITAL OUTPUTS
8 ANALOGUE INPUTS, AND 4 ANALOGUE OUTPUTS.
NORMALLY NOT POSSIBLE TO EXPAND.



Modular RTU

HAS A SEPARATE CPU MODULE,
OTHER MODULES ADDED, NORMALLY BY
PLUGGING INTO A COMMON
"BACKPLANEMODULAR RTU
DESIGNED TO BE EXPANDED BY ADDING
ADDITIONAL MODULES.
TYPICAL MODULES ARE
ANALOG MODULE,
DIGITAL MODULE.
SOME SPECIALIZED MODULES
SUCH AS A GPS TIME STAMP




Hardware functionality in an RTU
CPU
VOLATILE MEMORY
NON VOLATILE MEMORY FOR STORING PROGRAMS AND DATA.
COMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITY
EITHER THROUGH SERIAL PORT(S)
SOMETIMES WITH AN ON BOARD MODEM.
SECURE POWER SUPPLY (WITH BATTERY BACKUP).
WATCHDOG TIMER (TO ENSURE THE RTU RESTARTS IF SOMETHING FAILS).
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION AGAINST "SPIKES".
FOR INPUT OUTPUT CARDS
REAL TIME CLOCK.


Software functionality in an RTU.
Real time operating system.
scanning the inputs,
monitoring the communications ports.
Driver for the communications system
Device drivers for the I/O system (field devices)
SCADA application
scanning of inputs
processing and storing of data
responding to requests from the SCADA master
Software functionality in an RTU.
CONTD..
Some RTU's may have a file system with
support for file downloads. This supports user
programs, and configuration files. All RTU's
require the above functionality. In many RTU's
these may be intermingled and may not be
identifiable as separate modules

INPUT
A/D CONVERSION AT RTU LEVEL
(16 BIT ADC).
FOR MW / MVAR TRANSDUCER:
INPUT: PT SEC PHASE TO PHASE : 110VAC
CT SEC TWO PHASE CURRENT (R & B): 1 AMPS.

OUTPUT : 4 20mA(TRANSDUCER OUTPUT)

IN ADC:

AT 4mA = 6553 Count
AT 20mA = 32767 Count
12mA IS THE CENTRE POINT.
(+/- 0.1% IS THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE OF ERROR ON FULL SCALE)
( Ref Calculation Sheet for all type of Measurand)

Basic operation
THE RTU WILL OPERATE SCANNING ITS INPUTS,
NORMALLY AT A FAIRLY FAST RATE.
SOME PROCESSING SUCH AS
CHANGE OF STATE
TIME STAMPING OF CHANGES,
STORAGE OF THE DATA AWAITING POLLING FROM THE SCADA
MASTER.
REPORTING TO THE SCADA MASTER
SOME ALARM PROCESSING

GENERALLY SCADA MASTER POLLS THE RTU'S ASKING
FOR CHANGES.
RESPOND TO MASTER WHEN POLLED MASTER, THE RTU
HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR SCADA AT SUBSTATION / GEN.STATION

MAIN
CPU
BOARD
PSU
COMMN
BOARD
A
N
A
L
O
G

I / P
D
I
G
T
A
L

I / P
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
O/P



TERMINAL
BLOCK
TERMINAL
BLOCK
TERMINAL
BLOCK
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL
MVAR VOLT MW
TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL P T
SEC
110VAC
CT SEC
1 AMPS
F
R
O
M

S
W
I
T
C
H
Y
A
R
D
-
F
I
E
L
D

EVENT LOGGER
PANEL
D
R
I
V
E
R
R
E
L
A
Y
TRANSDUCER PANEL
RS232 PORT

Principles for data acquisition
Busbar Section
A) Voltage
- 400, 230-220 and 132-110 Kv; one value per bus bar
- 66-78 Kv; one value per station
- 33 Kv; no value
B) Frequency
- 400 Kv; one value per busbar
- 230-220 Kv; one value per station except for stations where power units are
connected to or having inter state feeders
- 132-110, 78-66 KV; one value per station where power units are connected to
- 33 KV; no value
C) SS
- 1 SS for loss of voltage per bus bar ( bus bar disconnectors are counted
separately )
Principles for data acquisition Contd..

Busbar Couplers
- 2 DS per Circuit breaker
- 1 SS for only one out of the 2 disconnectors

Bus Transfers
- 1 DS per circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each disconnector on both sides of the CB

Busbar Disconnectors
- 1 SS for each busbar disconnector
Capacitor
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector
- DS per circuit breaker



Principles for data acquisition Contd..
Bus Reactor
- Reactive Power 1 value
- 1 DS per circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector

Gas/Hydro/Thermal Generators
- Active Power 1 value
- Reactive Power 1 value
- DS per Circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker
arrangement.
- 3 SS per bus bar connection for one and half breaker scheme
Principles for data acquisition Contd..
Overhead line
- Active & Reactive Power 1 value
- 400, 230-220 and 132-110KV; one value for each outgoing line
- 78-62 Kv; one value of P&Q only for outgoing inter systems tie-line
- 33kv; no value

Current
- 78-62 KV; one value for each outgoing line ( if it is not an outgoing inter system tie-line )
- 33 KV ; one value for each outgoing line


DS
- 1 DS per substation circuit breaker

SS
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement
- 3 SS for 3 disconnectors for each out going line in case of one and half scheme
- 1 SS for each by pass disconnector in case of single breaker + by pass arrangements
- 1 DC for each 78-66 and 132-110 KV out going line ( for quick switching operation requirements under load
shedding and emergency actions )
Principles for data acquisition Contd..
Transformers
Active & Reactive Power
- One value for P and one value for Q measured on the secondary level for the 400/220 KV or 220/132 KV
transformers or on the primary level for the 132/66, 132/33 or 132/11 KV transformers.( if the
secondary level does not belong to the same constituent as the primary level, P & Q are measured on
the primary level.

Current
- One current value measured on the primary level for the 66/33 KV, 66/22 KV, 66/11 KV or 33/11 KV
transformers

OLTC
- 1 value per transformer for 400/220 Kv, 400/110 Kv, 230-220/110 Kv transformers ( if on load tap changer is
available )
DS
- 1 DS per CB. If the secondary level does not belong to the same network ( in case of central sector), one DS
shall also be collected for the secondary circuit breaker
SS
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement
- 3 SS for 3 disconnectors for one and half breaker scheme
- 1 SS for each by pass disconnector in case of single breaker + by pass arrangements

IMPORTANT FEATURES OF ULDC RTU
Distributed Intelligent Technology ,Main processor is 32-Bit 16Mhz,sub
modules are 8-bit.
View Data and Communications specific to each peripheral board.
Troubleshooting Aid
S/W downloaded to and stored on each peripheral.
Access via PC-Based Configuration.
Password Protected.
32 Analog inputs per module ,14bit resolution.
Synchronous VFC provides conversion rate 660ns for all 32 inputs.
64 status inputs per module,1ms scan time for 64inputs,1ms SOE
resolution.
32 control output per module.
Display Local Real-Time Data.

Networking Protocol
Transmission Methods
Based on Sequence in Time
Serial vs Parallel
Based on Synchronization
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Based on Direction
Simplex, Duplex: Half and Full



Synchronization Problem Simple Illustration
Transmitted data stream
Transmitter side clock
Receiver Side
1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
Receiver side clock
1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
Synchronous vs Asynchronous
A file of 2048 characters is to be sent over a line of capacity 10kbps.
1. Calculate the time required
(a) Using asynchronous transmission with 1 start bit, 1 stop bit and 8 data bits for each
character
(b) Using synchronous transmission with frames having 100 bits data and 48 bits for
control
2. Which of the techniques is more efficient?
3. Assume that a file of 10 Kbytes is to be sent with synchronous frames of 1000 bits data
and 48 bits for control and asynchronous as in (a). Which of the techniques is more
efficient?



Error Detection and Control

Error Control involves
Error Detection
Error Correction
Forward Error Correction
Automatic Repeat Request
Error Detection
Parity
Cyclic Redundancy Code
For a CRC of length N the rate of undetected errors is
nearly 2
-N

Flow Control
The Need for Flow Control
Flow Control under Error Free Conditions
Stop and Wait Flow Control
Sliding Window Flow Control
Flow Control in the Presence of Error
Automatic Repeat Request (ACK & NAK)
Go-Back N ARQ
Flow Control

ACK
DATA FRAME

Interfacing

Interfacing

A Complete Protocol (HDLC)
Introducing the protocol architecture
Physical Layer involves the medium specifications
and interfacing considerations including
synchronization
Data Link Layer provides the protocol
specifications for controlling point to point,
multipoint and local networks
A comprehensive data link protocol is the HDLC
(High Level Data Link Control) that provides
Flow Control
Error Control
Addressing schemes to accommodate multiple devices

A Complete Protocol (HDLC)
Flag Used for Synchronization
Address: Needed for multidrop lines and is
extendable to 16 bits
Control: Purpose and functions of the frame are
specified in this field, eg. Supervisory frame, data
frame, flow control bits
FCS: Frame Check Sequence (16 or 32 bit CRC)
A Complete Protocol (HDLC)
Three phases:
Initialization: Transmitting device initiates
operation by sending out a message, agrees
who is primary control or peer, number of flow
control bits
Transfer of Data: Exchanges Data Frames,
Control frames for Flow or error control
Disconnect: Sends a disconnect frame and the
other side accepts the disconnect by sending
an Acknowledgement