7: Multimedia Networking 7-1

Chapter 7
Multimedia Networking
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All material copyright 1996-2009
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Computer Networking: A Top
Down Approach
5
th
edition.
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley, April 2009.

7: Multimedia Networking 7-2
Multimedia and Quality of Service: What is it?
multimedia applications:
network audio and video
(continuous media)
network provides
application with level of
performance needed for
application to function.
QoS
7: Multimedia Networking 7-3
Chapter 7: goals
Principles
classify multimedia applications
identify network services applications need
making the best of best effort service
Protocols and Architectures
specific protocols for best-effort
mechanisms for providing QoS
architectures for QoS

7: Multimedia Networking 7-4
Chapter 7 outline
7.1 multimedia networking
applications
7.2 streaming stored audio
and video
7.3 making the best out of
best effort service
7.4 protocols for real-time
interactive applications
RTP,RTCP,SIP
7.5 providing multiple
classes of service
7.6 providing QoS
guarantees



PELAJARI SLIDE YANG
TIDAK DIHIDE!
7: Multimedia Networking 7-5
MM Networking Applications
Fundamental
characteristics:
typically delay sensitive
end-to-end delay
delay jitter
loss tolerant: infrequent
losses cause minor
glitches
antithesis of data, which
are loss intolerant but
delay tolerant.

Classes of MM applications:
1) stored streaming
2) live streaming
3) interactive, real-time
Jitter is the variability
of packet delays within
the same packet stream
7: Multimedia Networking 7-6
Streaming Stored Multimedia
Stored streaming:
media stored at source
transmitted to client
streaming: client playout begins
before all data has arrived
timing constraint for still-to-be
transmitted data: in time for playout
7: Multimedia Networking 7-7
Streaming Stored Multimedia:
What is it?
1. video
recorded
2. video
sent
3. video received,
played out at client
streaming: at this time, client
playing out early part of video,
while server still sending later
part of video
network
delay
time
7: Multimedia Networking 7-8
Streaming Stored Multimedia: Interactivity
VCR-like functionality: client can
pause, rewind, FF, push slider bar
10 sec initial delay OK
1-2 sec until command effect OK
timing constraint for still-to-be
transmitted data: in time for playout
7: Multimedia Networking 7-9
Streaming Live Multimedia
Examples:
Internet radio talk show
live sporting event
Streaming (as with streaming stored multimedia)
playback buffer
playback can lag tens of seconds after
transmission
still have timing constraint
Interactivity
fast forward impossible
rewind, pause possible!
7: Multimedia Networking 7-10
Real-Time Interactive Multimedia
end-end delay requirements:
audio: < 150 msec good, < 400 msec OK
includes application-level (packetization) and network
delays
higher delays noticeable, impair interactivity
session initialization
how does callee advertise its IP address, port
number, encoding algorithms?
applications: IP telephony,
video conference, distributed
interactive worlds
7: Multimedia Networking 7-11
Multimedia Over Todays Internet
TCP/UDP/IP: best-effort service
no guarantees on delay, loss
Todays Internet multimedia applications
use application-level techniques to mitigate
(as best possible) effects of delay, loss
But you said multimedia apps requires
QoS and level of performance to be
effective!
?
?
? ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
7: Multimedia Networking 7-12
How should the Internet evolve to better
support multimedia?
Integrated services philosophy:
fundamental changes in
Internet so that apps can
reserve end-to-end
bandwidth
requires new, complex
software in hosts & routers
Laissez-faire
no major changes
more bandwidth when
needed
content distribution,
application-layer multicast
application layer

Differentiated services
philosophy:
fewer changes to Internet
infrastructure, yet provide
1st and 2nd class service
Whats your opinion?
7: Multimedia Networking 7-13
A few words about audio compression
analog signal sampled
at constant rate
telephone: 8,000
samples/sec
CD music: 44,100
samples/sec
each sample quantized,
i.e., rounded
e.g., 2
8
=256 possible
quantized values
each quantized value
represented by bits
8 bits for 256 values
example: 8,000
samples/sec, 256
quantized values -->
64,000 bps
receiver converts bits
back to analog signal:
some quality reduction
Example rates
CD: 1.411 Mbps
MP3: 96, 128, 160 kbps
Internet telephony:
5.3 kbps and up
7: Multimedia Networking 7-14
A few words about video compression
video: sequence of
images displayed at
constant rate
e.g. 24 images/sec
digital image: array of
pixels
each pixel represented
by bits
redundancy
spatial (within image)
temporal (from one image
to next)
Examples:
MPEG 1 (CD-ROM) 1.5
Mbps
MPEG2 (DVD) 3-6 Mbps
MPEG4 (often used in
Internet, < 1 Mbps)
Research:
layered (scalable) video
adapt layers to available
bandwidth
7: Multimedia Networking 7-16
Streaming Stored Multimedia
application-level streaming
techniques for making the
best out of best effort
service:
client-side buffering
use of UDP versus TCP
multiple encodings of
multimedia



jitter removal
decompression
error concealment
graphical user interface
w/ controls for
interactivity
Media Player
7: Multimedia Networking 7-17
Internet multimedia: simplest approach
audio, video not streamed:
no, pipelining, long delays until playout!
audio or video stored in file
files transferred as HTTP object
received in entirety at client
then passed to player
7: Multimedia Networking 7-18
Internet multimedia: streaming approach
browser GETs metafile
browser launches player, passing metafile
player contacts server
server streams audio/video to player
7: Multimedia Networking 7-19
Streaming from a streaming server
allows for non-HTTP protocol between server, media
player
UDP or TCP for step (3), more shortly

7: Multimedia Networking 7-22
Streaming Multimedia: UDP or TCP?
UDP
server sends at rate appropriate for client (oblivious to
network congestion !)
often send rate = encoding rate = constant rate
then, fill rate = constant rate - packet loss
short playout delay (2-5 seconds) to remove network jitter
error recover: time permitting
TCP
send at maximum possible rate under TCP
fill rate fluctuates due to TCP congestion control
larger playout delay: smooth TCP delivery rate
HTTP/TCP passes more easily through firewalls
7: Multimedia Networking 7-43
Content distribution networks (CDNs)
Content replication
challenging to stream large
files (e.g., video) from single
origin server in real time
solution: replicate content at
hundreds of servers
throughout Internet
content downloaded to CDN
servers ahead of time
placing content close to
user avoids impairments
(loss, delay) of sending
content over long paths
CDN server typically in
edge/access network

origin server
in North America
CDN distribution node
CDN server
in S. America
CDN server
in Europe
CDN server
in Asia
7: Multimedia Networking 7-44
Content distribution networks (CDNs)
Content replication
CDN (e.g., Akamai)
customer is the content
provider (e.g., CNN)
CDN replicates
customers content in
CDN servers.
when provider updates
content, CDN updates
servers

origin server
in North America
CDN distribution node
CDN server
in S. America
CDN server
in Europe
CDN server
in Asia
7: Multimedia Networking 7-45
CDN example
origin server (www.foo.com)
distributes HTML
replaces:
http://www.foo.com/sports.ruth.gif
with
http://www.cdn.com/www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif
HTTP request for
www.foo.com/sports/sports.html
DNS query for www.cdn.com
HTTP request for
www.cdn.com/www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif
1
2
3
origin server
CDNs authoritative
DNS server
CDN server near client
CDN company (cdn.com)
distributes gif files
uses its authoritative
DNS server to route
redirect requests
client
7: Multimedia Networking 7-48
Chapter 7 outline
7.1 multimedia networking
applications
7.2 streaming stored audio
and video
7.3 making the best out of
best effort service
7.4 protocols for real-time
interactive applications
RTP, RTCP, SIP
7.5 providing multiple
classes of service
7.6 providing QoS
guarantees



7: Multimedia Networking 7-49
Real-Time Protocol (RTP)
RTP specifies packet
structure for packets
carrying audio, video
data
RFC 3550
RTP packet provides
payload type
identification
packet sequence
numbering
time stamping
RTP runs in end systems
RTP packets
encapsulated in UDP
segments
interoperability: if two
Internet phone
applications run RTP,
then they may be able
to work together
7: Multimedia Networking 7-50
RTP runs on top of UDP
RTP libraries provide transport-layer interface
that extends UDP:
port numbers, IP addresses
payload type identification
packet sequence numbering
time-stamping

7: Multimedia Networking 7-56
Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP)
works in conjunction
with RTP.
each participant in RTP
session periodically
transmits RTCP control
packets to all other
participants.
each RTCP packet
contains sender and/or
receiver reports
report statistics useful to
application: # packets
sent, # packets lost,
interarrival jitter, etc.
feedback can be used
to control
performance
sender may modify its
transmissions based on
feedback
7: Multimedia Networking 7-61
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol [RFC 3261]

SIP long-term vision:

all telephone calls, video conference calls take
place over Internet
people are identified by names or e-mail
addresses, rather than by phone numbers
you can reach callee, no matter where callee
roams, no matter what IP device callee is currently
using



7: Multimedia Networking 7-62
SIP Services
Setting up a call, SIP
provides mechanisms ..
for caller to let
callee know she
wants to establish a
call
so caller, callee can
agree on media type,
encoding
to end call


determine current IP
address of callee:
maps mnemonic
identifier to current IP
address
call management:
add new media streams
during call
change encoding during
call
invite others
transfer, hold calls
7: Multimedia Networking 7-63
Setting up a call to known IP address
Alices SIP invite
message indicates her
port number, IP address,
encoding she prefers to
receive (PCM ulaw)

Bobs 200 OK message
indicates his port number,
IP address, preferred
encoding (GSM)

SIP messages can be
sent over TCP or UDP;
here sent over RTP/UDP.

default SIP port number
is 5060.
time time
Bob's
terminal rings
Alice
167.180.112.24
Bob
193.64.210.89
port 5060
port 38060
m Law audio
GSM
port 48753
INVITE [email protected] c=IN IP4 167.180.112.24 m=audio 38060 RTP/AVP 0
port 5060
200 OK
c=IN IP4 193.64.210.89
m=audio 48753 RTP/AVP 3
ACK
port 5060
7: Multimedia Networking 7-71
Chapter 7 outline
7.1 multimedia networking
applications
7.2 streaming stored audio
and video
7.3 making the best out of
best effort service
7.4 protocols for real-time
interactive applications
RTP, RTCP, SIP
7.5 providing multiple
classes of service
7.6 providing QoS
guarantees



7: Multimedia Networking 7-72
Providing Multiple Classes of Service
thus far: making the best of best effort service
one-size fits all service model
alternative: multiple classes of service
partition traffic into classes
network treats different classes of traffic
differently (analogy: VIP service vs regular service)
0111
granularity:
differential service
among multiple
classes, not among
individual
connections
history: ToS bits
7: Multimedia Networking 7-73
Multiple classes of service: scenario
R1
R2
H1
H2
H3
H4
1.5 Mbps link R1 output
interface
queue
7: Multimedia Networking 7-74
Scenario 1: mixed FTP and audio
Example: 1Mbps IP phone, FTP share 1.5 Mbps link.
bursts of FTP can congest router, cause audio loss
want to give priority to audio over FTP
packet marking needed for router to distinguish
between different classes; and new router policy
to treat packets accordingly
Principle 1
R1
R2
7: Multimedia Networking 7-75
Principles for QOS Guarantees (more)
what if applications misbehave (audio sends higher
than declared rate)
policing: force source adherence to bandwidth allocations
marking and policing at network edge:
similar to ATM UNI (User Network Interface)
provide protection (isolation) for one class from others
Principle 2
R1
R2
1.5 Mbps link
1 Mbps
phone
packet marking and policing
7: Multimedia Networking 7-76
Principles for QOS Guarantees (more)
Allocating fixed (non-sharable) bandwidth to flow:
inefficient use of bandwidth if flows doesnt use
its allocation
While providing isolation, it is desirable to use
resources as efficiently as possible
Principle 3
R1
R2
1.5 Mbps link
1 Mbps
phone
1 Mbps logical link
0.5 Mbps logical link
7: Multimedia Networking 7-77
Scheduling And Policing Mechanisms
scheduling: choose next packet to send on link
FIFO (first in first out) scheduling: send in order of
arrival to queue
real-world example?
discard policy: if packet arrives to full queue: who to discard?
Tail drop: drop arriving packet
priority: drop/remove on priority basis
random: drop/remove randomly
7: Multimedia Networking 7-78
Scheduling Policies: more
Priority scheduling: transmit highest priority queued
packet
multiple classes, with different priorities
class may depend on marking or other header info, e.g. IP
source/dest, port numbers, etc..
Real world example?
7: Multimedia Networking 7-79
Scheduling Policies: still more
round robin scheduling:
multiple classes
cyclically scan class queues, serving one from each
class (if available)
real world example?
7: Multimedia Networking 7-80
Scheduling Policies: still more
Weighted Fair Queuing:
generalized Round Robin
each class gets weighted amount of service in each
cycle
real-world example?

7: Multimedia Networking 7-81
Policing Mechanisms
Goal: limit traffic to not exceed declared parameters
Three common-used criteria:
(Long term) Average Rate: how many pkts can be sent
per unit time (in the long run)
crucial question: what is the interval length: 100 packets per
sec or 6000 packets per min have same average!
Peak Rate: e.g., 6000 pkts per min. (ppm) avg.; 1500
ppm peak rate
(Max.) Burst Size: max. number of pkts sent
consecutively (with no intervening idle)
7: Multimedia Networking 7-82
Policing Mechanisms
Token Bucket: limit input to specified Burst Size
and Average Rate.





bucket can hold b tokens
tokens generated at rate r token/sec unless bucket
full
over interval of length t: number of packets
admitted less than or equal to (r t + b).


7: Multimedia Networking 7-83
Policing Mechanisms (more)
token bucket, WFQ combine to provide guaranteed
upper bound on delay, i.e., QoS guarantee!
WFQ
token rate, r
bucket size, b
per-flow
rate, R
D = b/R
max
arriving
traffic
7: Multimedia Networking 7-84
IETF Differentiated Services
want qualitative service classes
behaves like a wire
relative service distinction: Platinum, Gold, Silver
scalability: simple functions in network core,
relatively complex functions at edge routers (or
hosts)
signaling, maintaining per-flow router state
difficult with large number of flows
dont define define service classes, provide
functional components to build service classes
7: Multimedia Networking 7-85
Edge router:
per-flow traffic management
marks packets as in-profile
and out-profile
Core router:
per class traffic management
buffering and scheduling based
on marking at edge
preference given to in-profile
packets
Diffserv Architecture
scheduling
.
.
.
r
b
marking
7: Multimedia Networking 7-86
Edge-router Packet Marking
class-based marking: packets of different classes marked
differently
intra-class marking: conforming portion of flow marked
differently than non-conforming one
profile: pre-negotiated rate A, bucket size B
packet marking at edge based on per-flow profile
Possible usage of marking:
User packets
Rate A
B
7: Multimedia Networking 7-87
Classification and Conditioning
Packet is marked in the Type of Service (TOS) in
IPv4, and Traffic Class in IPv6
6 bits used for Differentiated Service Code Point
(DSCP) and determine PHB that the packet will
receive
2 bits are currently unused

7: Multimedia Networking 7-88
Classification and Conditioning
may be desirable to limit traffic injection rate of
some class:
user declares traffic profile (e.g., rate, burst size)
traffic metered, shaped if non-conforming

7: Multimedia Networking 7-101
Chapter 7: Summary
Principles
classify multimedia applications
identify network services applications need
making the best of best effort service
Protocols and Architectures
specific protocols for best-effort
mechanisms for providing QoS
architectures for QoS
multiple classes of service
QoS guarantees, admission control