ESC101: Introduction to
Computing
Operators and Expressions
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Binary Operations
Operate on int, float, double (and char)
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Op Meaning Example Remarks
+ Addition 9+2 is 11
9.1+2.0 is 11.1
- Subtraction 9-2 is 7
9.1-2.0 is 7.1
* Multiplication 9*2 is 18
9.1*2.0 is 18.2
/ Division 9/2 is 4 Integer div.
9.1/2.0 is 4.55 Real div.
% Remainder 9%2 is 1 Only for int
Unary Operators
Operators that take only one
argument (or operand)
-5
+3.0123
-b
Observe that + and have two
purposes
Meaning depends on context
This is called overloading
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The / operator
When both (left and right) operand
of / are of type int
the result is the integral part of the
real division
The result is of type int
Examples
9/4 is 2
1/2 is 0
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The / operator
When at least one (left or right or
both) operands of / are of type float
the result is the real division
The result is of type float
Examples
9/4.0 is 2.25
1.0/2 is 0.5, so is 1/2.0 and 1.0/2.0
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The % operator
The remainder operator % returns
the integer remainder of the result
of dividing its first operand by its
second.
Both operands must be integers.
Defined only for integers
4%2 is 0
31%4 is 3
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Divison(/) and Remainder(%)
Second argument can not be 0
Run time error
For integers a and b (b0), / and
% have the following relation
a = (a/b)*b + (a%b)
If a or b or both are negative, the
result of / and % is system
dependent.
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Type of Arithmetic Expr
Type of (result of) arithmetic expr
depends on its arguments
For binary operator
If both operands are int, the result is
int
If one or both operand are float, the
result is float
For unary operator
Type of result is same as operand type
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# include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float Centigrades;
float F;
Centigrades=50;
F = ((9*Centigrades)/5) + 32;
printf(The temperature );
printf( %f, Centigrades);
printf(Celsius equals);
printf(%f, F);
printf(Fahrenheit);
return 0;
}
temp_conversion.c
Compile and Run
The temperature Celsius equals 122.000000 50.000000
C F
?? ?? 50.000 ??
Microprocessors represent real
numbers using finite precision,
i.e., using limited number of digits
after decimal point.
Typically uses scientific notation:
12.3456789 represented as
1.23456789E+1. Bit more later.
122.0000
%f signifes that the corresponding
variable is to be printed as a real
number in decimal notation.
Fahrenheit %
Operator Precedence
More than one operator in an
expression
Evaluation is based on precedence
Parenthesis () have the highest
precedence
Precedence order for some
common operators coming next
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Operator Precedence
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Operators Description Associativity
(unary) + - Unary plus/minus Right to left
* / % Multiply, divide, remainder Left to right
+ - Add, subtract Left to right
< > >= <= less, greater comparison Left to right
== != Equal, not equal Left to right
= Assignment Right to left
I
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
LOW
HIGH
Operator Precedence
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What is the value assigned to x?
x = -5*4/2*3+-1*2;
Always use parenthesis to define
precedence. It is safer and easier
to read.
Avoid relying on operator
precedence. Can give absurd
results if not used correctly.
Consult any textbook to know
more about precedence.
-32
Type Conversion
(Type casting)
Converting values of one type to
another.
Example: int to float and float to int
(also applies to other types)
Can be implicit or explicit
int k =5;
float x = k; // implicit conversion to 5.0
float y = k/10; // y is assigned 0.0
float z = ((float) k)/2; // Explicit conversion
Loss of Information!
Type conversion may result in loss
information.
Larger sized type (e.g. float )
converted to smaller sized type (e.g.
int) is undefined.
Smaller sized type (e.g. int)
converted to larger sized type (e.g.
float) may also give unexpected
results. Take care!
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float to int: type conversion
(result ok)
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
float x; int y; /* define two variables */
x=5.67;
y = (int) x; /* convert float to int */
printf(%d, y);
return 0;
}
Output : 5
float x;
(int) x;
converts the
real value
stored in x
into an
integer. Can
be used
anywhere an
int can.
# include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float x; int y;
x = 1.0E50;
y = (int) x;
printf(%d, y);
return 0;
}
float to int type conversion
(not ok!)
float is a larger box, int is
a smaller box. Assigning a
float to an int may lead to
loss of information and
unexpected values.
Output:
-2184748364
The floating
point number
1E50 is too
large to fit in
an integer
box.
Careful when
converting from
a `larger type to
smaller type.
Undefined.
int to float (take care!)
# include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int y;
y = 1000001;
printf(%f, (float) y);
return 0; }
Output:
1000001.000000
Result is correct
# include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int y;
y = 10000009;
printf(%f\n, (float) y);
printf( %d, y);
return 0; }
Output:
10000008.000000
10000009
Result is not correct.
Information is lost.
float r,h;
scanf("%f", &r);
scanf("%f", &h);
printf("Volume is %f\n",
1/3*3.14*r*r*h);
Program Example
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Volume of a cone =
1
3
2
Input:
10
3
Output?
0
Where did
my Icecream
go?
1/3 evaluates to 0
1.0/3.0 evaluates to 0.3333
Remember: use floats for real division
char data type in C
Basic facts
Characters in C are encoded as
numbers using the ASCII encoding
ASCII : American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
Encodings of some of the common
characters:
'A' is 65, 'B' is 66, 'C' is 67 ... 'Z' is 90
'a' is 97, 'b' is 98 ... 'z' is 122
'0' is 48, '1' is 49 ... '9' is 57
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char data type in C
Range: 0 to 255
You should NOT try to remember
ASCII values
Encoding/programming languages
provide alternatives to use them
C treats characters as integers
corresponding to their ASCII value.
While displaying with %c
placeholder, the ASCII value is
converted to its corresponding
character.
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char data type in C
Interconversion between character
and integer datatypes can be
exploited to write programs.
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printf("%d\n", 'A');
printf("%d\n", '7');
printf("%c\n", 70);
printf("%c\n", 321);
Output:
65
55
F
321 is outside range!
What do you think will
be the output of
printf("%c\n",321);
Try it out
char data type in C
Interconversion between character
and integer datatypes can be
exploited to write programs.
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printf("%c\n", C+5);
printf("%c\n", D - A + a );
printf("%d\n", 3 + 2);
Output:
H
d
53
Placeholder determines the output.
Use with caution.
Avoid arithmetic operation such as * and / on characters.
Common Mistake: Incorrect data type of placeholder.
Formatting Output of a
Program (int)
When displaying an int value, place a
number between the % and d which will
specify the number of columns to use for
displaying the int value (such as %5d).
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int x = 2345, y=123;
printf("%d\n",x); //Usual
printf("%6d\n",x); //Display using 6 columns
printf("%6d\n",y); //Note: Right aligned
printf("%2d\n",x); //Less columns, same as %d
Output
2345
2345
123
2345
Formatting Output of a
Program (float)
Format placeholder id is %n.mf where
n is the total field width (both before and after
the decimal point), and
m is the number of digits to be displayed after
the decimal
point.
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float pi = 3.141592;
printf("%f\n",pi); //Usual
printf("%6.2f\n", pi); //2 decimal
printf("%.4f\n",pi); //4 decimal
// Note rounding off!
Output
3.141592
3.14
3.1416
