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    Introduction To Histology: Fernando J. Peraldo, M.D., MPH

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    Denz Marc Alea
    This document provides an introduction to histology, which is the study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level. It discusses the basic levels of organization in the body from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The key techniques used to prepare histological sections for examination under the microscope are also outlined, including fixation, embedding, microtomy, staining, and mounting. The four basic types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous - are identified. Specialized cell and tissue types are also defined.

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    Introduction To Histology: Fernando J. Peraldo, M.D., MPH

    Uploaded by

    Denz Marc Alea
    133 views18 pages
    This document provides an introduction to histology, which is the study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level. It discusses the basic levels of organization in the body from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The key techniques used to prepare histological sections for examination under the microscope are also outlined, including fixation, embedding, microtomy, staining, and mounting. The four basic types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous - are identified. Specialized cell and tissue types are also defined.

    Original Description:

    Lecture on the basics of the cell

    Original Title

    Histology Cell

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    This document provides an introduction to histology, which is the study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level. It discusses the basic levels of organization in the body from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The key techniques used to prepare histological sections for examination under the microscope are also outlined, including fixation, embedding, microtomy, staining, and mounting. The four basic types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous - are identified. Specialized cell and tissue types are also defined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    133 views18 pages

    Introduction To Histology: Fernando J. Peraldo, M.D., MPH

    Uploaded by

    Denz Marc Alea
    This document provides an introduction to histology, which is the study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level. It discusses the basic levels of organization in the body from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The key techniques used to prepare histological sections for examination under the microscope are also outlined, including fixation, embedding, microtomy, staining, and mounting. The four basic types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous - are identified. Specialized cell and tissue types are also defined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    INTRODUCTION TO

    HISTOLOGY


    Fernando J. Peraldo, M.D., MPH
    HISTOLOGY
    is derived from the Greek word for a tissue
    "Histos", and "-logos" = the study of cells and
    the extracellular matrix of tissues
    "Microscopic Anatomy - includes
    understanding of the structure and function of
    cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
    the study involves the use of microscopes
    (light and electron) as basic tools.
    HISTOLOGY
    the body can be seen to be formed of different levels
    of organization, with increasing levels of complexity
    LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
    Cells
    Tissues
    Organs
    Organ Systems
    Organism

    each of which plays important roles in the physiological
    homeostasis of the body.



    LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

    THE CELL - defined as the smallest basic
    structure of higher organisms capable of
    independent existence
    TISSUES - are groups of cells of similar
    function and origin that form functional units
    ORGANS - represent an even greater measure
    of complexity and are composed of various
    tissues
    ORGAN SYSTEM - composed of several organs

    BASIC TECHNIQUES: Preparation of
    histological sections

    1. Fixation
    - to preserve tissues and prevent structural
    change or breakdown of the components of the
    tissues
    - needs to preserve the tissues as close as
    possible to the living state
    - the fixatives commonly stabilize or denature
    proteins
    Ex. Formaldehyde - cheap and penetrates
    tissues rapidly


    BASIC TECHNIQUES: Preparation of
    histological sections

    2. Embedding
    - thin sections require tissues to be infiltrated after fixation with
    embedding substances that imparts rigid consistency to the tissue
    - the most commonly used embedding or support medium is
    paraffin wax and plastic resins
    STEPS:
    Dehydration - remove all the water from the tissue
    - achieved using an ascending series of alcohols
    (70%, 95%, 100%)
    Clearing - tissue immersion in a wax solvent such as xylene or
    chloroform
    - the tissue is then transferred to molten paraffin wax (in an
    embedding oven) for a couple of hours


    BASIC TECHNIQUES: Preparation of
    histological sections

    3. Microtomy
    - sections of the tissue embedded in the wax
    block are cut on a machine, known as a microtome,
    using special knives
    - series or ribbons of sections are cut at a thickness of
    6-8mm.
    - the sections are transferred to the surface of a hot
    waterbath then collected on glass microscope slides
    (standard dimensions of 3 x 1 inches)
    - In order for the sections to adhere to the slides they
    are dried for up to 24 hours in a drying oven


    BASIC TECHNIQUES: Preparation of
    histological sections
    4. Staining
    - the most common staining technique is known as
    Hematoxylin and Eosin (or H&E) staining
    STEPS:
    - remove wax using a wax solvent such as xylene
    - hydrate the slide using a series of descending
    alcohols (100%, 95%, 70%) and then water
    - immerse the slide in Hematoxylin stain, rinsed in
    running water (preferably alkaline), followed by
    staining with Eosin, and rinsing in water.


    BASIC TECHNIQUES: Preparation of
    histological sections

    5. Permanent Mounting
    - After staining the sections are again
    dehydrated with ascending alcohols (95%,
    100%) and xylene, prior to covering with a
    mountant and a glass coverlip
    - the slide is left for at least 24 hours for the
    mountant to dry
    - the finished (permanent) slide with its stained
    tissues can then be examined under the
    microscope.


    BASIC TECHNIQUES: Preparation of
    histological sections

    Frozen sections
    - A rapid alternative to wax embedding
    - use of cryostat (a microtome operated in a low
    temperature cabinet,
    usually about -30 C, then be stained and mounted
    in a suitable water-soluble mountant.
    Total preparations
    - Use in a very thin membrane. The tissue does not
    need cutting on a microtome, but can be stained,
    mounted and examined directly. Not as 2-
    dimensional as histological sections, and adjustment
    of focus is necessary during examination.


    BASIC TECHNIQUES: Preparation of
    histological sections

    Cell Smears
    - a form of histological preparation that does
    not require sectioning
    Example: blood or bone marrow smears
    swabs or scrapings of epithelial
    cells (e.g. from the oral cavity,
    cervix uteri).


    Histological classification of animal tissues

    Four basic types of tissues
    muscle tissue
    nervous tissue
    connective tissue
    epithelial tissue
    All tissue types are subtypes of these four
    basic
    tissue types (for example, blood cells are
    classified as connective tissue, since they
    generally originate inside bone marrow).
    SPECIAL TERMS
    Epithelium: the lining of glands, bowel, skin and some
    organs like the liver, lung, kidney
    Endothelium: the lining of blood and lymphatic
    vessels
    Mesothelium: the lining of pleural and pericardial
    spaces
    Mesenchyme: the cells filling the spaces between the
    organs, including fat, muscle, bone, cartilage, and
    tendon cells
    Blood cells: the red and white blood cells, including
    those found in lymph nodes and spleen

    Neurons: any of the conducting cells of the nervous
    system
    Germ cells: reproductive cells (spermatozoa in
    men, oocytes in women)
    Placenta: an organ characteristic of true mammals
    during pregnancy, joining mother and offspring,
    providing endocrine secretion and selective exchange
    of soluble, but not particulate, blood-borne
    substances through an apposition of uterine and
    trophoblastic vascularized parts
    Stem cells: cells able to turn into one or several of the
    above types

    END OF LECTURE
    THANK YOU

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