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Fourier Transform Properties

The Fourier transform relates a signal in the time domain (x(t)) to its frequency domain representation (X(ω)). It has several important properties: 1) The Fourier transform is a linear operator, so transforms of summed signals are the sums of the individual transforms. 2) Time shifts in the time domain result in phase shifts in the frequency domain. 3) Differentiation in the time domain corresponds to multiplication by jω in the frequency domain. These properties allow analysis of systems using algebraic operations in the frequency domain.

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291 views6 pages

Fourier Transform Properties

The Fourier transform relates a signal in the time domain (x(t)) to its frequency domain representation (X(ω)). It has several important properties: 1) The Fourier transform is a linear operator, so transforms of summed signals are the sums of the individual transforms. 2) Time shifts in the time domain result in phase shifts in the frequency domain. 3) Differentiation in the time domain corresponds to multiplication by jω in the frequency domain. These properties allow analysis of systems using algebraic operations in the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

anoop.eg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review: Fourier Transform

A CT signal x(t) and its frequency domain, Fourier transform signal,


X(je), are related by


This is denoted by:

For example:


Often you have tables for common Fourier transforms
The Fourier transform, X(je), represents the frequency content of
x(t).
It exists either when x(t)->0 as |t|-> or when x(t) is periodic (it
generalizes the Fourier series)
}
}



=
=
e e
e
e
t
e
d e j X t x
dt e t x j X
t j
t j
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( e j X t x
F

e j a
t u e
F
at
+

1
) (
analysis
synthesis
Linearity of the Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform is a linear function of x(t)



This follows directly from the definition of the Fourier
transform (as the integral operator is linear) & it easily
extends to an arbitrary number of signals
Like impulses/convolution, if we know the Fourier transform
of simple signals, we can calculate the Fourier transform
of more complex signals which are a linear combination
of the simple signals
1 1
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
F
F
F
x t X j
x t X j
ax t bx t aX j bX j
e
e
e e

+ +
Fourier Transform of a Time Shifted Signal
Well show that a Fourier transform of a signal which has a
simple time shift is:

i.e. the original Fourier transform but shifted in phase by et
0

Proof
Consider the Fourier transform synthesis equation:





but this is the synthesis equation for the Fourier transform
e
-je
0
t
X(je)
( )
0
0
1
2
( )
1
0 2
1
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
j t
j t t
j t j t
x t X j e d
x t t X j e d
e X j e d
e
t
e
t
e e
t
e e
e e
e e

=
=
=
}
}
}
) ( )} ( {
0
0
e
e
j X e t t x F
t j
=
Example: Linearity & Time Shift
Consider the signal (linear sum of two time
shifted rectangular pulses)

where x
1
(t) is of width 1, x
2
(t) is of width 3,
centred on zero (see figures)
Using the FT of a rectangular pulse L10S7


Then using the linearity and time shift
Fourier transform properties

) 5 . 2 ( ) 5 . 2 ( 5 . 0 ) (
2 1
+ = t x t x t x
e
e
e
) 2 / sin( 2
) (
1
= j X
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

e
e e
e
e ) 2 / 3 sin( 2 ) 2 / sin(
) (
2 / 5 j
e j X
e
e
e
) 2 / 3 sin( 2
) (
2
= j X
t
t
t
x
1
(t)
x
2
(t)
x

(t)
Fourier Transform of a Derivative
By differentiating both sides of the Fourier transform
synthesis equation with respect to t:

Therefore noting that this is the synthesis equation for the
Fourier transform jeX(je)

This is very important, because it replaces differentiation in
the time domain with multiplication (by je) in the
frequency domain.
We can solve ODEs in the frequency domain using
algebraic operations (see next slides)
) (
) (
e e j X j
dt
t dx
F

1
2
( )
( )
j t
dx t
j X j e d
dt
e
t
e e e

=
}
Summary
The Fourier transform is widely used for designing filters. You can
design systems with reject high frequency noise and just retain
the low frequency components. This is natural to describe in the
frequency domain.

Important properties of the Fourier transform are:
1. Linearity and time shifts

2. Differentiation

3. Convolution

Some operations are simplified in the frequency domain, but there
are a number of signals for which the Fourier transform does not
exist this leads naturally onto Laplace transforms. Similar
properties hold for Laplace transforms & the Laplace transform
is widely used in engineering analysis.
) (
) (
e e j X j
dt
t dx
F

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( e e e j X j H j Y t x t h t y
F
= =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( e e j bY j aX t by t ax
F
+ +

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