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    Reproduction & Growth: 4.5 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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    Santhiya Madhavan
    This document summarizes the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the male and female structures in flowers, the formation of pollen grains and embryo sacs, the process of pollination and fertilization, and the importance of double fertilization. Key points include: pollen grains contain male gametes and are produced via meiosis in the anther; the embryo sac contains the egg cell and is formed by meiosis and mitosis in the ovule; during fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a zygote while the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm, providing nutrition for seed development. Double fertilization is important as it ensures nutrients are only produced if

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    Reproduction & Growth: 4.5 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

    Uploaded by

    Santhiya Madhavan
    133 views25 pages
    This document summarizes the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the male and female structures in flowers, the formation of pollen grains and embryo sacs, the process of pollination and fertilization, and the importance of double fertilization. Key points include: pollen grains contain male gametes and are produced via meiosis in the anther; the embryo sac contains the egg cell and is formed by meiosis and mitosis in the ovule; during fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a zygote while the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm, providing nutrition for seed development. Double fertilization is important as it ensures nutrients are only produced if

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    This document summarizes the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the male and female structures in flowers, the formation of pollen grains and embryo sacs, the process of pollination and fertilization, and the importance of double fertilization. Key points include: pollen grains contain male gametes and are produced via meiosis in the anther; the embryo sac contains the egg cell and is formed by meiosis and mitosis in the ovule; during fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a zygote while the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm, providing nutrition for seed development. Double fertilization is important as it ensures nutrients are only produced if

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    133 views25 pages

    Reproduction & Growth: 4.5 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

    Uploaded by

    Santhiya Madhavan
    This document summarizes the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the male and female structures in flowers, the formation of pollen grains and embryo sacs, the process of pollination and fertilization, and the importance of double fertilization. Key points include: pollen grains contain male gametes and are produced via meiosis in the anther; the embryo sac contains the egg cell and is formed by meiosis and mitosis in the ovule; during fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a zygote while the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm, providing nutrition for seed development. Double fertilization is important as it ensures nutrients are only produced if

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 25

    4.

    5 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS


    CHAPTER 4 :
    REPRODUCTION & GROWTH
    LEARNING OUTCOMES
    Identify male & female structure in a flower;
    Describe the formation of pollen grains;
    Describe the formation of the embryo sac in the ovule;
    Describe the formation of pollen tube;
    Describe the formation of zygote;
    Describe the formation of triploid nucleus;
    Conceptualise double fertilisation;
    Relate the structure of a fruit to the flower parts;
    Explain the importance of double fertilisation for the
    survival of flowering plants.
    THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A
    FLOWER
    FLOWER = a modified shoot which is the
    reproductive structure of angiosperms.
    The Structures Of Flower
    Anther
    Filament
    Stamen
    Style
    Stigma
    Petal
    Sepal
    Ovary
    Ovul
    Each part of the flower serves a certain
    function :
    the pedicel supports the flower in the best position
    for pollination;
    The petals are usually big & brightly coloured to
    attract insects @ birds for pollination;
    The sepals protect the flower when it is still a bud.
    The male structure = stamen
    (consists of a filament & an anther).

    The anther functions in producing
    pollen grains & is supported by the
    filament.

    The male gametes are found in the
    pollen grain.
    The female structure = pistil (consists of
    stigma, style & ovary).

    Inside the ovary, one @ more ovules can
    be found.

    The female gametes @ egg cell is found
    in the ovule.

    Pollen grain are received by the stigma.
    THE FORMATION OF POLLEN GRAINS
    Are formed in the anther.

    Each anther contains 4 chambers called
    pollen sacs in which pollen grains are
    formed.

    The tapetum provides nourishment to the
    developing pollen grains.
    A Cross Section Of Anther
    Each pollen sac contains many
    diploid pollen mother cells
    meiosis a tetrad of 4 haploid
    cell separate & become the
    pollen grain.

    The haploid nucleus divides by
    mitosis to produce a generative
    nucleus & a tube nucleus.

    Pollen grain is a microspore &
    not a gamete.

    Male gamete are form when the
    generative nucleus divides.
    POLLEN GRAINS
    THE FORMATION OF EMBRYO SAC
    Embryo sac = a structure containing the egg cell
    found in the ovule.

    Initially, the ovule contains similar diploid cells,
    nucellus one of the cells enlarges to become the
    embryo sac mother cell.

    Embryo sac mother cell meiosis 4 haploid cells,
    3 disintegrate.
    The remaining cell (which represents the
    young embryo sac) will undergo mitosis thrice
    to produce 8 nuclei.

    2 of the nuclei will move to the middle of the
    embryo sac polar nuclei.

    Other 6 nuclei are enveloped with cytoplasm
    & become cells 3 antipodal cells, 2
    synergids, 1 egg cell mature embryo
    (megaspore containing the female gamete)
    Only the egg cell & the 2 polar nuclei are
    important in fertilisation the other will
    disintegrate.

    The ovule becomes enveloped by 2 layers of
    integuments, leaving a small opening
    (micropyle) connected to the ovary by
    funicle. megaspore (embryo sac containing
    the female gamete).
    The Formation Of Embryo Sac
    The Formation Of Embryo Sac
    THE FORMATION OF POLLEN TUBE
    POLLINATION = the transfer of pollen from the
    stamens to the stigma
    Self-pollination / cross pollination

    The stigma secretes a sugary liquid which stimulates
    germination.

    The pollen germinates a pollen tube is produces
    through the tissues of the style into an ovule.

    The generative nucleus divides by mitosis to produce
    2 male nuclei.
    FERTILISATION
    When the pollen tube arrives at the embryo sac, the
    tube nucleus disintegrates.

    1 of the male nuclei fuses with egg cell to form a
    diploid zygote develops into embryo which consist
    of the radicle, plumule, & 1 @ 2 cotyledons.

    The other male nucleus fuses with the 2 polar nuclei
    to form a triploid nucleus (3n) endosperm (store
    food for the developing embryo).
    The ovary becomes a fruit pericarp & the
    ovules become seeds.

    The outer integument becomes the seed coat
    @ testa (to protect the seed)

    The inner integument becomes tegmen, a
    thin membrane underneath the testa.

    All parts of the flower wither away.
    PERICARP MODE OF FRUIT
    DISPERSAL
    Fleshy, succulent;
    edible
    Eaten by animals seeds are
    then discarded, far from the
    parent.
    Hook / spines Sticks to fur of passing
    animals
    Wing-shaped; dry &
    light; feathery hairs
    Easily carried by wind.
    Fibrous tissue with
    many air spaces
    Carried by water.
    Uneven drying of fruit
    wall causing sudden
    rupture
    Seeds dispersed by explosive
    mechanism
    Double Fertilisation In Flowering Plants
    THE IMPORTANCE OF DOUBLE
    FERTILISATION FOR THE SURVIVAL OF
    FLOWERING PLANTS
    Double fertilisation is important for two
    reasons :
    By formation of the 3n nucleus endosperm, the
    parent plants provide an important nutrient store
    for the developing plant.

    It is ensure that the nutritive tissue formed is
    not wasted because it will be used by the growing
    embryo the endosperm only develops if the
    ovum has been fertilised.
    The provision of food for the embryo is important for
    the survival of flowering plants.

    The presence of food enables the embryo to live for a
    long period of time even when conditions are
    unfavourable such as dry & cold conditions.

    When favourable the food in the endosperm will
    be broken down into simple molecules such as sugar,
    amino acids, glycerol & fatty acids absorbed by
    the embryo to build tissues for germination.
    DONT FORGET
    TO DO
    CHECKPOINT 4.5
    (page 147).
    PLEASE MAKE A
    REVISION!!!

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