Quick Facts on Biofuels

What are biofuels?

Biofuels are liquid transportation fuels made from plants and other
forms of biomass. Ethanol is a gasoline type fuel made by
fermenting sugars into alcohol. Biodiesel is a diesel type fuel made
by separating glycerin from vegetable oil to create methyl esters.
Biofuels can reduce costly petroleum imports, cut greenhouse gas
emissions, increase farm income and boost rural development.

What materials can be used to make biofuels?

Conventional ethanol is made from sugar cane, corn and sweet
sorghum. Soybean and rapeseed are often used to make biodiesel,
but coconut, palm, cannola and jatropha nut oil are also being used
throughout the world.
Introduction

Need of Alternative Fuel

 World total energy consumption scenario:

- 85% supplied from oil, natural gas and coal
- 8% from nuclear energy
- 7% from Agricultural sources, hydro, solar and wind
energy
(Source: Bartlett, R. G., Solar Today March/April 2006 )
 Energy Crisis
 Crude oil peaking the highest in record,
US $ 65/barrel in 2005
 Never ending increase in demand of oil
Introduction

An estimate shows:
 4% sustained shortfall in global oil supply would raise
the price of oil above US $ 160 per barrel
 Global peak oil in 2037? or in 2012 or may take
even several years to occur?
 But it will definitely occur and its occurrence is
imminent.
(Source: Bartlett, R. G., Solar Today March/April 2006 )
Introduction
Share of Energy Consumption

hy dro
hydro nuclear nuclear hydro nuclear
6%
oil 6% 6% 6% 6% 1%
oil
32% oil
biofuels
37%
23% biofuels
biof uels
14% 35%
3%

solid natural solid f uel

natural solid natural
fuel gas 24%
gas fuel gas
23% 19%
24%
28% 7%

World Industrialized world Developing countries

Source: Godfrey, B., 1996
Introduction

Recognition of bioliquid fuel as an potential

alternative to fossil fuel by many developing
countries

 Possible to produce locally,

 environment friendly,
 less polluting,
 equivalent performance as compare to petroleum
fuel,
 non-requirement of additional maintenance and
repair facilities, and
 even improvement in the vehicle performance.
Introduction
Jatrapha Curcas L.
(Sajiwan)
Bioliquid Fuel Production

Ethanol
Biodiesel
1200
billion 31
22 billion
billion
18
billion
33
very
billion
little
(3%)
1991 2003
Bioliquid fuel Petroleum fuel

Year 2004 in liters

Source: Renewables 2005 Global Status Report
Ethanol production Brazil

Brazil alone is producing 15 billion liters of ethanol (50% of the world's

production and major exporter)
o has mandatory selling of Gasoline blended with ethanol only.
o Around half of Brazil's sugar cane production is consumed for
ethanol production
o a farm support program, providing employment for a large rural
workforce that could otherwise be unemployed.

 By law in Brazil, ethanol can be mixed with petrol in the range of

22%-24%.
 Up to 40% blending with traditional gasoline is already there.
 Huge fleet of buses is there for running on 100% ethanol (E100).
 Because of increasing price of ethanol caused by heavy demand of
sugar cane, Fuelflex vehicles are getting popular.
Bioliquid fuel production in USA

 In United States, the ethanol production

has reached more than 13 billion liters
• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline

 USA has 80 million liters biodiesel production

capacity.
• Soya bean main source of biodiesel

Source: IEA, 2004

Ethanol production

 In Europe the ethanol production is in the

range of 2.2 billion liters.
• 3-15% blended petrol
• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel

Rapeseed
Oil
84%

Sunflower
Others oil
Soyabean
1% 13%
Palm oil oil
1% 1%

Raw material for biodiesel in Europe

Ethanol production

 In India, 0.55 billion liters of ethanol is

being produced annually.
• Sugarcane
• Molasses
• Agricultural waste
Source: IEA, 2004
Bioliquid Fuel Production

Biodiesel production in EU countries

1.6 1.504
Biodiesel produced (million tonnes)

1.4

1.2

0.8 0.715

0.6
0.357
0.4 0.273
0.2 0.07
0 0.001 0.006 0.009 0.032 0.041
0

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Sp

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Au

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Sw

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Source: REW, Nov-Dec, 2005, p102

Bioliquid Fuel Production

Source: Projections based on IEA review of recent policy

initiatives around the world
Biodiesel production

 Europe is well ahead than other

regions.
Europe - 1650 million liters (91% of
world production capacity).
 Germany - 1100 million liters of
biodiesel.
Biodiesel production
 In Malaysia 13.98 million tons of palm oil is produced in year
2004.
(80% of the world's palm oil production)
 Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. The
blending of 2% to 5% of palm oil in diesel is being considered
(Ngan, 2005).

 India - 0.6 million tons of biodiesel.

 In India, 450 varieties of oil bearing plants are already
identified. To name a few are Jatropha curcas, Pongamia
pinnata, Calophyllum inophyllum, Hevea brasiliensis,
Calotropis gigantia, Euphorbia tirucalli etc. (Parikh, J.,
2006).
Biodiesel Fuel Vehicle
Blending Mandates

Ethanol and Biodiesel fuel blend mandates

Countries Ethanol Biodiesel

India ( 9 states and 7 5% ---
federal territories )
EU (some countries) voluntary voluntary
USA (Some states) 5% - 10%
Canada 5% by 2007
Brazil 22% - 25% 2% by 2005
5% by 2013
Price Incentives

Price incentives for bioliquid fuel

Countries Details
India Purchase Price of biodiesel @ USD 0.55/L
inclusive of all taxes and transportation cost.
France USD 0.31/L
EU VAT and Tax free from 95% to 100%
USA Federal tax credit of 51 cents/gallon for
ethanol and 1 cent point of biodiesel blended
(2 cents/gallon for B2)
Italy Free of tax for B100
Germany USD 0.30/L, complete exemption of Excise
Duty
Quality Standards

Standards developed for bioliquid fuel

Countries Details
India Draft standard inline with world standard
EU Commonwealth Fuel Quality Standards Act (2000)
DIN EN 228 15% ETBE or 5% ethanol by volume
EN 14214 - Automotive Fuel Fatty methyl esters
(FAME) for diesel engines, 2004
EN 590 Automotive Fuel, 2004 - blending diesel up
to 5% of FAME EN 14214 standard.
USA ASTM D 4806-98 for Denatured Fuel Ethanol
ASTM D 5798-98a for Denatured Fuel Ethanol
suitable for E85 blends. (75 to 85% v/v ethanol)
ASTM D 6751
BQ - 9000 voluntary standard
Brazil DNC - Standard 01, 1991
Future Policy

Future policy for the development and

promotion of bioliquid fuel
Countries Policy
India ( 9 • Blend 20% biodiesel by 2011 -12
states and 7 • Phase I: Demonstration of Project by 2006/07, Plantation
federal of Jatropha in 400,000 hectares of land
territories ) • Phase II: After revision of Phase I
Recommended by Committee on Bi oliquid fuel
Development for Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
EU • 2% of transport fuel by 2005
• 5.75% of transport fuel by 2010.
• 20% substitution of traditional fuels by alternate fuels in
the road transport by 2020.
USA (Some • 7.5 billion gal lons production of ethanol and biodiesel by
states) 2012
Brazil • Blend of 2% biodiesel by 2005
Estimated prices for bioethanol produced from
different crops
Crop Price of bioethanol Energy ratio
(US $/m3) (Out/input -
bioethanol only)
Sugar beet 300-400 1.76
(15 Euros/ton)
Sugar beet 690 1.76
(15 Euros/ton)
Sugar Cane 260 2.42
Sweet Sorghum 200-300 2.23 (only ethanol)
Potatoes 990 1.3
Corn (120$/ton) 300-420 1.3

Source: Renewable Energy World, May-June, 2000

 Fuel Properties

Fuel Properties Ethanol Diesel Biodiesel

Density (kg/m 3) 782 846 899.5

Kinematic Viscosity (cst) 1.108 2.68 5.58

at 40 °C
Cloud Point ( °C) - -1 14

Pour Point ( °C) - -6 8

Flash Point ( °C) 17 58 167

Fire Point ( °C) 22 66 173

Calorific Value (MJ/kg) 26. 9 42.5 36.72

Source: Kumar, C. and Jain, D., 2006

Jatropha and Its Applications:
RECAST Experience
Dr. K.R.Shrestha
Dr.Sushil Lal Bajracharya
RECAST,
Tribhuvan University,
Kirtipur
 JATROPHA CURCAS L.

• Oil-bearing perennial tree.

• Propagate from seed or cutting
• Long life and drought resistant
• Tolerant of soil quality
• Climatic conditions favorable in 30% of the nation’s area
• Yields a Carbon Dioxide neutral fuel and stores
atmospheric carbon
 s'g s'g jg:kltdf t]n
-jfof]l8h]n_ kfOG5 <
• ;+lhjg -Jatropha curcas_
• s]/ËL - Pongamia pinnata_
• gLd -Azadirachta indica_
• ;'o{d'vL -Helianthus annus_
• cfFs -Calotropis gigantia_
• Rf]K6] l;pF3] - Euphorbia tirucalli_
• ;nfO{ - Baswellia ovalifolia_
 ;+lhjgsf] kl/ro
• k'j{ g]kfn M sbd , ;?jf ,
au|]8f , hËnL c/08L , cl/g ,
a3/08L , cd/jf]6 , ;+lhjg
• dWo g]kfn M gLdt]n ,
gLdsf7 , ;+lhjg , ;}hg ,
gL/s'g] , xlQsfg], lgu'0fL
• klZrd g]kfn M /tgHj/ ,
Og , /tgHo]fnL , /tg Hof]lt ,
s'sf7
;+lhjg kfOg] tyf v]tL
• pi0f tyf pkf]i0f - Tropical and Subtropical_
• g]kfnsf] &) lhNnfdf ;+lgjg kfOG5 .
• ;d'l4 ;txsf] %)) b]lv !$)) dL6/sf] prfO{df kfOG5
.
• hfxFfsf] cf}zt tfks|d @) – @* ;]=
• kfgLsf] dfqf sd eP k'Ug
• v]/ uO{/fv]sf] hdLg , 6f/ , eL/ cfbLdf nfpg ;lsg]
• a:t'x?n gvfg] . glaufg]{
• xfFufsf] sndLaf6 v]tL
• jLpaf6 v]tL
 RESOURCE AND RESOURCE
ENHANCEMENT
• Traditional fencing practice.
• Improves agricultural output by
protecting crops from browsing livestock.
• Productive output from degraded or
marginal land and improves soil quality
and stability.
• 150.000 Jatropha curcas L. trees
established on marginal land at
Khairenitar and 40,000 at Musetunda
• Establishment and testing of oil-fuelled
expeller, agro-processing machinery, and
lamps and cooking stoves.
• Each tree expected to yield at least 0.25
liters of oil after 3-4 years
 JATROPHA CURCAS L. SEEDS

Yield 20-35% oil by mass use directly

• Diesel engines
• Cooking stoves
• Illumination
• Soap production
Yield oil cake and fruit hulls as a processing by-product
• Manures
 OIL EXPELLER FOR (JATROPHA)
SAJIWAN SEED
• No modification
• Simple adjustment, can be done
by the layman
• Easily availability and cheaper
• O & M cab be done by women
 OIL FUELLED DIESEL ENGINE
• the high ignition point of plant oils
• pre-heated in order to be vaporized
• viscosity of plant oils higher than the viscosity
of kerosene and diesel oil
• clogging of tubes and nozzle
• the viscosity of plant oils has to be decreased
by pre-heating of plant oil
• viscous nature of Sajiwan oil, the diesel
machine needs to be operated with diesel five
minutes before operating with the natural oil
• crude Sajiwan oil has been successfully run in
diesel engine for more than 800 hours without
any serious complications
• With the help of generator, electricity
amounting to about 3 KWatt has also been
produced in the lab.
 OIL FUELLED PRESSURE STOVE

• Imported and subsidized, kerosene supply is

a serious burden to the economy.
• Plant oils have similar calorific value, higher
viscosity and flash point.
• Thermal cracking of oil molecules promotes
the formation of solid partially-combusted
products.
• Dual fuel system.
 OIL FUELLED LAMP (FLOATING TUKI).

• Kerosene is used in the Tuki for

illumination in millions of households.
• Kerosene Tukis are marked for the
indoor environment and nasal
passageways with black soot.
• Demonstrably cleaner and consumes
around 20% less fuel by mass.
• Provides 3 hours illumination per day
for 3 months on one liter of oil.
 PLANT OIL IN SOAP PRODUCTION

• unrefined Sajiwan oil

for bath soap
• sedimentation of the
oil cake can be used
for making the
laundry soap.
• processes are simple
 DE-HULLED RICE YIELDS FROM
JATROPHA CURCAS L. OIL CAKE.
• About 4.2 Mt. rice produced
annually and consumption of
chemical fertilizers amounts to
around 23.6 kt.
• Oil cake returns higher
productivity than chemical
alternatives with a given mass
yielding an equal mass of de-
hulled rice.
• Processing by-products can
influence commercial returns and
reduce environmental stress in
agriculture.
 GENDER AND HEALTH DEVELOPMENT
• Traditional biomass consumed predominantly for
domestic use. Collection and use for the most part
managed by women

• Clean fuel improves respiratory and eye health and

reduces drudgery of solid fuel collection and utensil
cleaning

• Plantation established in co-operation with local Women

Development Groups under an action training programme

• Provides women a sustainable income through ownership

of processing technology and 50% of the yield as well as
employment in cultivation, seed collection and site
maintenance.
 TRAINING TO THE FOCUSED GROUPS

• Skill transfer training

programmes to women groups
• Training programme included
seed and seedlings propagation
and the collection , preparation,
establishment and planting
• Operation, simple maintenance
and repair of the machines
• Soap production and use of its
byproducts
 TENTATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
• 1 hactre = 100 m x 100 m ie 10,000 sq m
• In 1.5 m spacing plants can be planted in one hactre.
• The 4,440 seed will cost ( in present rate Rs. 15/- per kg which will contain 1200
seeds) around Rs.60/-. If we germinate the seeds in poly bags before plantation,
the cost will come around 4440 X 30 paisa (for polybag) = Rs. 1332 + 60 = Rs.
1392.
• For fertilizer = Rs. 1200/-x 3 years = 3600/-
• Labour Charge for 16 man months = 2000 x 16 = Rs. 32,000/- ( 4 mm for 1 year)
• Total Expenditure = 1392 + 3600 + 32,000 /-= 36,992/-
• Overhead 10% of 36,992/- = 3700/-
• Final expenditure = 36,992/- + 3,700/- = 40,692/-
• Seed production after 3 -4 years = 1 kg x 4,440 = 4,440 kg
• Oil production from the seed 4,440 /4 = 1,110 litres x Rs. 30 = 33,300/-
• Oil Cake production = 3330 kg x Rs. 12 = 39960/-
• Total in come = 33300 + 39960 = 79920/-
• Total Benefit : 79920 – 40,692/- = 39,228/- (around 100% of the investment)
 INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
• A vigorous campaign of awareness creation both in layman level
and expert level have been launched. Some of them are as follows:
• News items highlighting the importance of Sajiwan Oil have been
published in national news papers and magazines.
• Several technical papers were prepared at National and
International level to share the ideas with other expertise in the field
• Workshops such as “Interaction Programme on Jatropha
Plantation” involving Women’s Groups along with representatives
from Pokhara University, RECAST and the Institute of Forestry has
been conducted.
• Special classes on Jatropha and other oil bearing plants, on its
benefits and use as a source of renewable energy have been
conducted and introduced in Rural Development Courses of
Tribhuvan University .
• Some Master level dissertation on Jatropha has been completed
and some will go very soon in near future
• A home page has been established. www.himal.org.uk
 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

• Technology package - training,

machines, mill house etc
• Demonstration site - RECAST
• Mill houses at Khairenitar and Khundi
(Musetunda) handed over to the
Institute of Forestry, and Pokhara
University
• Agro processing machines along with
expeller machines and diesel engines
handed women’s group involved in
the area
 SUMMARY

• With limited labour a rural household with 250 trees can produce
clean fuel and fertiliser economically for household use and can run
village scale commercial oil seed processing enterprises.
• It avoids fuel subsidies amounting to 13 crore NRs annually. It
provides a net annual energy yield that makes up for about 4.5% of
kerosene, 10% of electricity consumption and about 7% nitrogen
imports realized from oil cake.
• Impacts positively on 6% of the population, revitalises unproductive
land and generates carbon credits and other significant revenues
by offsetting the social costs of fossil fuels.
• Rural enterprise can help to mitigate conflict with opportunity for
individuals, farmers, entrepreneurs and manufacturers.
Conclusion

 Bioliquid fuel market is growing rapidly in developed countries and in few

developing countries. The market is growing in a faster pace.
 The key market driver will be the price but governments may regulate
and provide financial incentives to encourage bioliquid fuels.
 With continued growth of price of transport fuels, bioliquid fuel
development may stride further creating a niche opportunity in the market
of transport fuels.
 Another key factor that will develop bioliquid fuel market is the bulkk
employment.
 The wasted land if could be utilized for biodiesel seed plantation, it would
have positive result in every aspect.