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Knowledge Representation: Representational Adequacy Inferential Adequacy

Introduction to Knowledge Representation. An introduction to knowledge representation in expert system.

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Ikechukwu Okey
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69 views31 pages

Knowledge Representation: Representational Adequacy Inferential Adequacy

Introduction to Knowledge Representation. An introduction to knowledge representation in expert system.

Uploaded by

Ikechukwu Okey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Knowledge Representation

Representational adequacy
declarative, procedural
Inferential adequacy
manipulate knowledge
incorporate new knowledge

Types of Knowledge
Simple facts
Complex organized knowledge
procedure - how to knowledge
meta-knowledge
Semantic Data Models
High level model of model of conceptual
model
Not tied to implementation concerns
Focus on
expressiveness
simplicity
concise
formality
Semantic Nets
Nodes represent Objects
Links or Arcs represent Relationships
instance of - set membership
is a - inheritance
has a - attribute descriptors
part of - aggregation
Has a
Part-of
Instance of
Is a
Semantic Nets
Advantages Disadvantages
Flexible
easy to understand
support inheritance
natural way to
represent knowledge
Hard to deal with
exceptions
procedural knowledge
difficult to represent
no standards for
defining nodes or
relationships
Classes, Objects, Attributes,
Values - Object Orientation
Classes describe common properties of
objects
Objects may be physical or conceptual
Attributes are characteristics of objects
Values are specific measures of Attributes
for specific instances
Classes
Specify common properties of instances
support hierarchical classification
superclass / subclass
subclass may be more refined version
each subclass inherits operations and
attributes of its ancestors
subclass may have its own operations and
attributes
Objects or Instances
Refers to things identified in model
of conceptual model
may be tangible (equipment, part,
orders, squashed bananas)
may be mental constructs
Class vs instances
instances
Inheritance
Sharing
attributes and
behaviors
within a class of
objects
Person
customer
Employee
Sales
Person
Manager
Sale Manager
Encapsulation
Attributes and behaviors (methods)
integrated with the classes and objects
Attributes:
size, location,
appearance
Polymorphism
Each object responds in its unique way to
messages
When changed method
When needed method
Object-Orientation
Tool for managing complexity
emphasis on object structure
specify what is
mapped directly from semantic net
Rule Representations
Rules are called productions
Rule have two parts
condition part, premise -> IF
action part ,conclusion-> THEN
The action can add a fact to the
knowledge base, start a procedure or
display a screen
Rules represent knowledge
Apply O-A-V framework (object-attribute-
value)
IF air vehicle is a plane AND plane
maximum altitude is 40000 AND plane
manufacturer is Boeing THEN ASK Flight
Display 15


Representing knowledge
Abstracting with rules
translate quantitative to qualitative
define technical terms
support generalized reasoning
make rules for user
easy to understand
help user follow decision logic
Rule for understanding
Quantitative to Qualitative
qualitative language is easier to understand
interpretation of numerical data
make user feel comfortable with decision
logic
If temperature > 200 and humidity is
85% then machine is slightly overheated
Definitional Rules
Help communicate and train users
Help user understand vocabulary
Promotes common agreement on terms
for expert, user and knowledge engineer
IF you want more than one source file of
classes THEN use package keyword
Rules support
Generalizations
Allow reasoning with from specialization
to generalizations
Support classification of objects at higher
levels
Support refinements
If pump operation temperature is over 300
AND water mixture pH > 5.2
THEN replace pump bearing and oil
Surface Knowledge
Hard to understand
Difficult to learn
reasoning strategies
hard to update and
expand knowledge base
Hierarchical Classification
Feature abstractions
Solution abstractions
Features
Recommendations
generalize
Heuristic Match
refine
Abstraction draws out important aspects
Deep knowledge
Hot Pump
Low Temp
Poor Oil Viscosity
Lubrication defect
causes
causes
Is a
water mixture pH > 5.2 temperature is over 300
Reasoning at higher level
Lubrication defect
requires
Maintenance
Fix heat
damage
Replace
bearing
and oil
Type of
Remedy
Modular style - easy
to add, update and
delete
natural for many
problem domains
uncertain knowledge
may be represented
May be difficult to
understand
may demonstrate
unpredictable
behavior
extra effort required
to representing
structural knowledge
Rules
Advantages Disadvantages
Programming by description
describe the problems facts
built in inference engine combines and
uses facts and rules to make inferences
Predicate Logic
Prolog Programming
Declaring facts about objects and their
relationships -> likes (john,mary)
Defining rules about objects and
relationships
Asking Questions about objects
sister-of(X,Y) :- female(X),
parents(X,M,F),
parent(Y,M,F)
Frames
Similar to objects
helps organize entities
packages operations (demons)
easy to modify
extensible through inheritance
Mammal Frame
Slot Values Default Demons
Skin Fur
Birth Live
Legs 4
Weight Compute
demon
Frame - natural
representation
Can accommodate a taxonomy of
knowledge
contains defaults expectations
represent procedural and declarative
knowledge
Facets Inference Value Prompt
Exhaustive Conf
Search
Order
Default Expand
When
Changed
Init Query
From
When
Needed
Reinit Unknown
Facets - properties of slots

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