Asst. Prof. Dr.

Ender Asyal-2002 1
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF MARITIME BUSSINESS AND MANAGEMENT


WATCHKEEPING V
BRIDGE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT



Asst. Prof. Dr. Cpt. Ender ASYALI
2002

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 2
A cruise ship grounds due to lack of communication
between the bridge watch and pilot.
A warship collides with an anchored vessel due to the
inexperience of watch officers, while
the commanding officer talks nearby with visitors.
A tanker strikes a reef when the master is busy and the
junior third mate fails to communicate the ships position.
Different ships.
Different operations. A common failure to use bridge
resource management techniques.
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Weakness in bridge organization and
management has been cited as a major
cause for marine casualties worldwide.
Frequently accidents in operations are
caused by resource management errors.
Bridge Resource Management reduces the
risk of marine casualties by helping a ships
bridge crew anticipate and correctly
respond to their ships changing situation.

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Principles of Good Management practices
are:
Shared view of goals;
Delegation of responsibilities;
Effective organization; and
Sense of team ownership in achieving goals.

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What is Bridge Resource Management?
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) is a program
designed to ensure effective use of
personnel and equipment during vessel operations.

Bridge Resource Management (BRM), or as it is also called
Bridge Team Management (BTM), is the effective
management and utilization of all resources, human and
technical, available to the Bridge Team to ensure the safe
completion of the vessels voyage.

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BRM focuses on
bridge officers skills such as teamwork, teambuilding,
communication, leadership, decision-making and resource
management and incorporates this into the larger picture of
organizational and regulatory management.

BRM addresses the management of operational tasks, as well
as stress, attitudes and risk. BRM recognizes there are
many elements of job effectiveness and safety, such as
individual, organizational, and regulatory factors, and they
must be anticipated and planned for. BRM begins before
the voyage with the passage plan and continues through
the end of the voyage with thepassage debrief.

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What Are My Available Resources To Manage?
A mariner has many resources available to him/her for safe passage planning and
execution. Some examples include:
Electronic equipment (i.e. radar, depth sounder, GPS/DGPS, ARPA, gyro
compass)
Charts and publications, including electronic publications
Environmental factors (i.e. tide, wind, currents)
Electronic Charting and Display Information Systems (ECDIS)
Vessel Traffic Services (VTS)
Passage plan
Internal and external communication equipment
NAVTEX
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Persons with local knowledge (i.e. Pilot)
Bridge Personnel (i.e. Master, Officer On Watch (OOW), helmsman, lookout)

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Similar to Aviations Cockpit Management,
BRM is designed to reduce errors and omissions in
bridge operations through a simple system of checks
and delegation of duties.
BRM emphasizes a coordinated effort
among bridge personnel to ensure smooth, efficient, and
safe operation of the vessel
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The 1995 amendments to the International
Convention on Standards of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) includes a
requirement for training in bridge team procedures
and a recommendation for training in BRM
techniques.
BRM is recognized as a
way to prevent incidents
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 10
n To assist the ship master in managing the vessels bridge team for
each voyage so personnel are rested, trained and prepared to handle any
situation.
n To help the ship master recognize workload demands and other risk
factors that may affect decisions in setting watch conditions.
n To ensure bridge team members are trained and aware of their
responsibilities.
nTo help bridge team members interact with and support the master
and/or the pilot.




What are the objectives of
Bridge Resource Management?

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CONT
*Share a common view of the intended passage and the agreed procedures
to transit the passage with all members of the Bridge Team.
*Develop and use a detailed passage plan to anticipate and manage
workload demands and risks.
Set appropriate manning levels and make contingency plans based on
anticipated workload and risks.
Make roles and responsibilities clear to Bridge Team members.
Involve all team members in problem solving.
Acquire all relevant information early and anticipate dangerous
situations.
Team members clearly understand the chain of command including the
way
decisions and instructions are made, responded to, and challenged.

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How do I implement Bridge Resource
Management on my vessel?

The Master can implement BRM by considering and addressing the following:
Passage Planning covering ocean, coastal and pilotage waters. Particular
attention is paid to high traffic areas, shallow waters, or pilotage waters where the
plan incorporates appropriate margins of safety and contingency plans for
unexpected incidents.
Passage Plan Briefing - all bridge team members are briefed on the passage plan
and understand the intended route and procedures to transit the route.
Bridge Manning Master uses passage plan to anticipate areas of high workload
and risk and sets manning levels appropriately.
Bridge Team Training (ashore and on-the-job) - is given all bridge crew
members and they are sure of their roles and responsibilities, both for their
routine duties and their duties in the event of an incident/emergency.

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What are the benefits of BRM when
correctly practiced on my vessel?

When BRM is practiced correctly onboard the result
should be a Bridge Team that:
maintains its situational awareness;
continually monitors the progress of the vessel
making appropriate adjustments and corrections as
necessary to maintain a safe passage;
acquires relevant information early;

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appropriately delegates workload and authority;
anticipates dangerous situations;
avoids becoming pre-occupied with minor
technical problems and losing sight of the big
picture;
undertakes appropriate contingency plans when
called for;
recognizes the development of an error chain; and
takes appropriate action to break the error-chain
sequence.

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*Masters Standing Orders are read and signed before the
commencement of the voyage. Orders are clear on the chain of
command, how decision and instructions are given on the bridge and
responded to, and how bridge team members bring safety concerns to
the notice of the Master.
Master/Pilot Exchange the passage plan is discussed by the Master and
the pilot and changes made as necessary. Any new information is
communicated to the rest of the bridge team. When the pilot is onboard
he/she should be supported as a temporary bridge team member.
End of Voyage Debriefing provides the opportunity for the bridge
team to review the passage plans strengths and weaknesses, make
suggestions for improvedsafety or communications, and improve team
problem solving skills.


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Who is involved in a bridge team?

A bridge team consists of those crew members responsible
for the safe navigation of the ship.The team may include
licensed and unlicensed crew, both on and off watch.
Bridge team members should occasionally monitor other
team members and offer assistance in their areas
of responsibility. This cross checking helps make the team
a safe, cohesive, efficient group. The number of active
bridge team members at any given time will be
determined by the prevailing watch condition and the
operational needs of the vessel.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 21

What is a watch condition?


A watch condition structures the bridge team based on
the environment in which the shipis operating. The
environment consists of both internal and external
factors affecting thevessel. These factors include the
mechanical condition of the vessel, weather,
traffic,location, and sea state.

The next chart gives an example of watch condition
criteria.


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NOTE: There are many combinations of the above environmental
and other factors for setting different watch conditions. These
should be set by company policy and supplemented by the masters
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BRM groups bridge duties into three general areas:

1- Collision AvoidanceDetecting and avoiding other craft
and objects.

2-NavigationKeeping the vessel safely clear of shoal
water, close to her intended track,and on schedule.

3-AdministrationRoutine watch duties such as
communications, log keeping, andsupervising watch
personnel.

How does Bridge Resource Management
structure bridge team duties?

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The chart below provides an example of the division of bridge team duties under different
watch conditions.

Note: OTHER DUTIES may include logbook keeping, equipment checks, and tending
the engine order telegraph and thruster control. Overlap among bridge team members
indicates duties that may be shared. Cadets, when onboard, may be used to supplement
and complement other members of the team.

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A BRM program should contain specific guidelines for
exchanging information between the bridge team and the
pilot. Information is usually communicated through
the master. While aboard, the pilot becomes part of the
bridge management team. The master maintains overall
responsibility for safe navigation, but the pilot serves as
the principal advisor to the master on local conditions.

The list at the right represents the type of information
that should be exchanged.

How does the bridge team interact
with the pilot?
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 26

q Items required by the local pilotage
authority.

q Language proficiency of bridge team
members.

q A copy of a Pilot Card showing the
vessels condition and maneuvering
characteristics.

Master/Pilot Information Exchange
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q Navigation procedures and
considerations for the passage including
destination, route, planned speed and
ETAs, vessel traffic services, and tug
escorts or assists.

q Any important local conditions such as
weather, tide, currents, sea conditions,
and other vessel traffic.
Master/Pilot Information Exchange (cont)
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At the start of each voyage, the master should hold a deck
officers conference. At this conference the BRM policy, the
standing orders, and the voyage plan should all be reviewed.
A time for questions at the end of the review will ensure that
team members understand how the bridge will be managed
at sea. This conference should be noted in the ships log
book.
In addition to formal training, how
can the goals of BRM be reinforced?
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A debriefing at the end of a voyage also provides
the master an opportunity to reinforce bridge
teamwork. This debriefing should include a review
of voyage plan strengths and weaknesses,
communications, and suggestions for improving
bridge team performance. These meetings should
encourage the open flow of ideas, stressing the
value of each team members contribution.

In addition to formal training, how can the goals
of BRM be reinforced? (Cont)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 30
A BRM program should include the following:
n Establishment of watch conditions based on
internal and external operating factors.
n Clearly defined bridge team assignments and
duties for each watch condition, including
goals, objectives, and priorities.
n Responsibility, station, and communication
guidelines for bridge team response to
emergencies (to include pollution incidents) and/or
equipment failures.

What items should a Bridge Resource
Management Program include?

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 31
n Procedures for navigating with a pilot, and
guidelines for communication among bridge
team members and the pilot.
n Team leadership concepts, including
delegation of duties, responsibility, and
authority.
n A company policy for the use of checklists
and standing orders.
n Procedures for turning over the watch to
oncoming bridge team members.
n Comprehensive voyage planning.
What items should a Bridge Resource
Management Program include? (Cont)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 32

A voyage plan is a written navigational guide used
by the bridge team to determine intended routes, to
identify potential problems or hazards, and to
adopt measures to ensure a safe passage.Through
voyage planning, risks are appraised, demands on
the bridge team are anticipated, and watch
conditions are considered in advance.

The list next identifies items that should be
considered when creating avoyage plan.


What is a voyage plan and what role does it
play in BRM?
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 33

Review or consider:
q Charts and navigational publications.

q Waterway characteristics, navigational
obstructions, and water depths.

q Notices to mariners and nautical publications.

q Applicable regulations, including Vessel
Traffic Service (VTS) requirements.

q Predicted weather, currents, and tides.
Voyage Planning Elements
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q Expected vessel traffic.

q Internal and external communication
procedures.

q Pilotage requirements.

q Tug escort or assist services.

q Emergency procedures.

q Engineering conditions.

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One of the most important roles an owner/operator plays
is to provide training for bridge
teams. An owner/operator should also:

n Develop and standardize safe bridge practices and
procedures throughout the fleet.

n Set manning levels for the bridge based on watch
conditions.

What role should the owner/operator
play in BRM?
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 36
n Establish responsibilities of bridge team
members based on watch conditions.

n Ensure company safety, operations, and
environmental protection policies are followed.

n Provide assistance to assure compliance with
applicable international, federal, state, and
local rules and regulations.
What role should the owner/operator play in
BRM? (Cont)
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Bridge Team
Management
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Modern Transportation Systems
Simple Hierarchical
or
Team Management
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BTM combines the elements of:
Human factors
Organizational behavior
Case study and lessons learned from the
maritime industry
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BTM is a different way of looking at what mariners have
been doing all along...
Different labels....
Different emphasis...
New ways of looking at how we do
business...
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BTM definition
The effective use of all available resources
(people, equipment, procedures and
systems) to achieve a safe and efficient
passage - particularly though areas of
greatest risk.
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Four concepts to consider
Human error
Areas of greatest risk
Situational awareness
Error chains
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Marine Casualty Statistics
Source: SAS flight, BRM project, E. Wahren
00% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Wrong assessment,Improper watch-
standing, Falling asleep, Lack of
Planning
Improper use of nav aids,
Lack of competence, Fail traffic rules





Other causes, Alcohol, Drugs, Human
Interaction...
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 45
Marine Casualty Statistics
Source :UK P&I club
CAUSES OF MAJOR
ACCIDENT CLAIMS
HUMAN FACTOR
OTHER
STRUCTURAL FAILURE
13.0%
EQUIPMENT FAILURE
58.0%
9.0%
20.0%


13%
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Break down of the 58% Human
factors segment
PILOT ERROR
SHORE ERROR
ENG. OFFICER ERROR
DECK OFFICER ERROR
CREW ERROR
12.1%
20.7%
3.4%
43.1%
20.7%
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Human Error accidents are NOT defined
as accidents which are caused by:
Missing information...
Malfunctioning equipment...
Lack of equipment...
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Causes of Human Error
Accidents
Preoccupation with minor technical problems.
Inadequate leadership
Failure to prioritize
inadequate follow-up
Failure to use all available resources
Failure to communicate plans or intentions
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Voyage Areas of Greatest Risk
Five miles from the sea buoy
Five miles from traffic chock points
The shortest part of the voyage
Heaviest navigation workload
Where most accidents occur
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Situational Awareness
Having an accurate perception of your
situation.
Being able to recognize a change in the
situation.
Understanding the full impact of that
change....
Being able to accurately predict (project)
your situation in the near term future.
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Higher level of Situation Awareness


EQUALS


Lower level of RISK
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Signs indicating the loss of S.A.
Ambiguity
Distraction
Breakdown of Communication
Sense of inadequacy or confusion
Failure to have or to follow a plan
Not following established procedures
Violating rules
Complacency
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Situational Awareness
Internal Situational Awareness...
That what is occurring aboard your vessel, may
be the equipment.... may be the people you
work with...
External Situational Awareness...
That which is occurring outside of your
vessel...