Difusion Mass

Transfer
Chapter 14
Sections 14.1 through
14.7
Lecture 19
1. Physical Origins and Rate Equations
2. Mass Transfer in Nonstationary Media
3. Conservation Equation and iffusion
through !tationary Media
". iffusion and Concentrations at #nterfaces
$. iffusion %ith &o'ogenous Reactions
(. Transient iffusion
3. Conservation Equation and
Diffusion through Stationary Media
1. !i'ilar to 1
st
)a% of ther'odyna'ics
2. )a% of conservation of s*ecie
3. Control volu'e + control surface
Conservation of Species
st A
A
out A g A in A
M
dt
dM
M M M
, , , ,

= +
Mass Diffusion Equations
Mass Diffusion Equations
-or 'ass concentration in Cartesian coordinates.
-or 'olar concentration in Cartesian coordinates.
t
n
z
m
D
z y
m
D
y x
m
D
x
A
A
A
AB
A
AB
A
AB

= +

/ 0 / 0 / 0
t
C
N
z
x
CD
z y
x
CD
y x
x
CD
x
A
A
A
AB
A
AB
A
AB

= +

/ 0 / 0 / 0
Mass Diffusion Equations
-or 'ass concentration in Cartesian coordinates 0
12
and are constant/.
-or 'olar concentration in Cartesian coordinates 0
12
and C are constant/ .
t D D
n
z y x
A
AB AB
A
A A A

= +

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
C
D D
N
z
C
y
C
x
C
A
AB AB
A
A A A

= +

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Mass Diffusion Equations
-or 'olar concentration in Cylindrical coordinates.
-or 'olar concentration in !*herical coordinates.
t
C
N
z
x
CD
z
x
CD
r r
x
r CD
r r
A
A
A
AB
A
AB
A
AB

= +

/ 0 / 0
1
/ 0
1
2

t
C
N
x
CD
r
x
CD
r r
x
r CD
r r
A
A
A
AB
A
AB
A
AB

= +

/ sin 0
sin
1
/ 0
sin
1
/ 0
1
2 2 2 2
2

Boundary and Initial Conditions
2.C.3s.
2.C.41. at 567, 5
1
07,t/ 6 5
1,s
2.C.42.
!*ecial case for 2.C.42
#'*er'ea8le surface
9
,
7
s A
x
A
AB
J
x
x
CD =

=
7
7
=

= x
A
x
x
14 diffusion, No ho'ogeneous reaction, !teady4state, Planar 'ediu'.
Stationary Media with
Specific Surface Concentrations
-or stationary 'ediu'.
7 / 0 =
dx
dx
CD
dx
d
A
AB
A AB A A
m D j n = =
:
A AB A A
x CD J N = =
9 :
Concentration distri8ution.
Stationary Planar Mediu
Molar flu5.
iffusion resistance.
1 , 1 , 2 ,
/ 0 / 0
s A s A s A A
x
L
x
x x x x + =
/ 0
2 , 1 , , s A s A
AB
x A
C C
L
A D
N =
A D
L
N
C C
R
AB x A
s A s A
dif m
=

=
,
2 , 1 ,
,
/ 0
14 diffusion, No ho'ogeneous reaction, !teady4state, Planar 'ediu'.
Stationary Media with
Specific Surface Concentrations
14 diffusion, No ho'ogeneous reaction, !teady4state, Cylindrical 'ediu'.
14 diffusion, No ho'ogeneous reaction, !teady4state, !*herical 'ediu'.
7 / 0 =
dx
dx
CD
dx
d
A
AB
7 / 0 =
dr
dx
rCD
dr
d
A
AB
7 / 0
1
2
2
=
dr
dx
CD r
dr
d
r
A
AB
Diffusion in Stationary Mediu
;eo'etry Concentration
istri8ution
iffusion
Resistance
1 , 1 , 2 ,
/ 0 / 0
s A s A s A A
x
L
x
x x x x + =
A D
L
R
AB
dif m
=
,
2 ,
2 2 1
2 , 1 ,
/ < ln0
/ 0
/ 0
s A
s A s A
A
x
r
r
r r
x x
r x +

=
AB
dif m
LD
r r
R
2
/ < ln0
1 2
,
=
2 ,
2 2 1
2 , 1 ,
/
1 1
0
< 1 < 1
/ 0
s A
s A s A
A
x
r r r r
x x
r x +

=
/
1 1
0
"
1
2 1
,
r r D
R
AB
dif m
=

Example 1
=ou *ro8a8ly have noticed that 8alloons inflated %ith heliu' gas
rise in the air the first day during a *arty 8ut they fall do%n the
ne5t day and act li>e ordinary 8alloons filled %ith air. This is
8ecause the heliu' in the 8alloon slo%ly lea>s out through the %all
%hile air lea>s in 8y diffusion.
Consider a 8alloon that is 'ade of 7.14''4thic> soft ru88er and
has a dia'eter of 1$ c' %hen inflated. The *ressure and
te'*erature inside the 8alloon are initially 117 >Pa and 2$?C. The
*er'ea8ility of ru88er to heliu', o5ygen, and nitrogen at 2$?C are
@."917
413
, A.7$917
413
, and 2.(917
413
>'ol<'BsB8ar, res*ectively.
Example 1
eter'ine the initial rates of diffusion of
heliu', o5ygen, and nitrogen through the
8alloon %all and the 'ass fraction of heliu'
that esca*es the 8alloon during the first $ h
assu'ing the heliu' *ressure inside the
8alloon re'ains nearly constant. 1ssu'e air
to 8e 21 *ercent o5ygen and A@ *ercent
nitrogen 8y 'ole nu'8ers and ta>e the roo'
conditions to 8e 177 >Pa and 2$?C.
Example 1
!nown" Per'ea8ility of heliu', nitrogen and o5ygen, di'ension of
8alloon and gas conditions
#ind" #nitial rate of diffusion of gases, 'ass fraction of
heliu' esca*ed in $ hours.
Scheatic"
&e
diffusion
$e
%&C
''( )Pa
1ir
Balloon
Example 1
*ssuptions"
1 Constant heliu' *ressure. 2 !teady4state. 3 Mass diffusion is one-
dimensional . " No che'ical reactions. $ #deal gases. (. The 8alloon
%all can 8e treated as a *lane layer.
Properties"
The *er'ea8ility of ru88er to heliu', o5ygen, and nitrogen at 2$C
are given to 8e @."17
413
, A.7$17
413
, and 2.(17
413
>'ol<'.s.8ars,
res*ectively. The 'olar 'ass of heliu' is M 6 " >g<>'ol and its gas
constant is R 6 2.7A7@ >Pa.'
3
<>g.C.
Example 1
*nalysis"
01/. De can consider the total 'olar concentration to 8e constant
0C 6 C
1
E C
2
C
2
6 constant/, and the 8alloon to 8e a stationary
'ediu' since there is no diffusion of ru88er 'olecules 0N
2
67 /
and the concentration of the heliu' in the 8alloon is e5tre'ely
lo% 0C
1
FF 1/. The *artial *ressures of o5ygen and nitrogen in the air are
bar P y P
bar P y P

N N
21 . 7 177 9 21 . 7 9
A@ . 7 177 9 A@ . 7 9
2 2
2 2
= = =
= = =
Example 1
The *artial *ressure of heliu' in the air is negligi8le. !ince the 8alloon is filled
%ith *ure heliu' gas at 117 >Pa, the initial *artial *ressure of heliu' in the
8alloon is 117 >Pa, and the initial *artial *ressures of o5ygen and nitrogen are
Gero.
Dhen *er'ea8ility data is availa8le, the 'olar flo% rate of a gas through a solid
%all of thic>ness L under steady one4di'ensional conditions can 8e deter'ined
fro' the follo%ing equation.
Dhere is the *er'ea8ility and P
1,1
and P
1,2
are the *artial *ressures of gas A
on the t%o sides of the %all 0Note that the 8alloon can 8e treated as a *lain layer
since its thic>ness is very s'all co'*ared to its dia'eter/. Noting that the surface
area of the 8alloon is 16
2
6 07.71$/
2
67.7A7(@ '
2
, the initial rates of diffusion
of heliu', o5ygen, and nitrogen at 2$HC are deter'ined to 8e.
AB

L
P P
A N
A A
AB diff A
2 , 1 ,
,

=
Example 1
/ < 0 17 9 A31 . 7
17 9 1 . 7
7 1 . 1
9 7A7(@ . 7 9 17 9 " . @
@
3
13 2 , 1 ,
,
s !mol
L
P P
A N
"e "e
AB diff "e

=
/ < 0 17 9 17$ . 7
17 9 1 . 7
21 . 7 7
9 7A7(@ . 7 9 17 9 7$ . A
@
3
13 2 , 2 1 , 2
, 2
s !mol
L
P P
A N

AB diff

=
/ < 0 17 9 1"$ . 7
17 9 1 . 7
A@ . 7 7
9 7A7(@ . 7 9 17 9 ( . 2
@
3
13 2 , 2 1 , 2
, 2
s !mol
L
P P
A N
N N
AB diff N

=
Example 1
The initial 'ass flo% rate and a'ount of heliu' that esca*e during
the first $ hours are.
/ < 0 17 9 @2 . 2
/ < 0 17 9 A31 . 7 9 / < 0 " 9
@
@
, ,
s !g
s !mol !mol !g N M m
diff "e diff "e

=
= =
!g
s s !g t m m
diff "e "e
$
@
,
17 9 2( . $
/ 0 3(77 9 $ 9 / < 0 17 9 @2 . 2 9

=
= =
Example 1
The initial 'ass of heliu' in the 8alloon is.
Therefore, the fraction of heliu' that esca*es the 8alloon during
the first $ h is.
!g m
R#
P$
"e
"
3
3
"
17 9 1" . 3
2@I 9 7AA . 2
/ 7A$ . 7 9 0 9 117

= = =

J I . 1( 1(I . 7
17 9 1" . 3
17 9 2( . $
"
$
= = =

!g
!g
m
m
%ra&tion
"e
"e
Example
O5ygen gas is 'aintained at *ressure of 2 8ars and 1 8ar on
o**osite sides of a ru88er 'e'8rane that is 7.$ '' thic>, and
the entire syste' is at 2$ C. Dhat is the 'olar diffusive flu5 of
O
2
through the 'e'8raneK Dhat are the 'olar concentration of
O
2
on 8oth sides of the 'e'8rane 0outside the ru88er/K
Example
Example
Example
Example ! "Example 14.!#
The efficacy of *har'aceutical *roducts is reduced 8y *rolonged e5*osure to high
te'*erature, light, and hu'idity. -or %ater va*or4sensitive consu'er *roducts
that are in ta8let or ca*sule for', and 'ight 8e stored in hu'id environ'ents such
as 8athroo' 'edicine ca8inets, blister 'a&!aging is used to li'it the direct
e5*osure of the 'edicine to hu'id conditions until i''ediately 8efore their use.
Consider ta8lets that are contained in a 8lister *ac>age co'*osed of a flat lidding
s(eet and a second, formed s(eet that includes troughs to hold each ta8let. The
for'ed sheet is L = )* '' thic> and is fa8ricated of a *oly'er 'aterial. Each
trough is of dia'eter D = $ '' and de*th (+ 3 ''. The lidding sheet is
fa8ricated of alu'inu' foil. The 8inary diffusion coefficient for %ater va*or in
the *oly'er is 6(917
41"
'
2
<s %hile the alu'inu' 'ay 8e assu'ed to 8e
i'*er'ea8le to %ater va*or. -or 'olar concentrations of %ater va*or in the
*oly'er at the outer and inner surfaces of C
1,si
+ ".$917
43
>'ol<'
3
and C
1,si

+7.$917
43
>'ol<'
3
, res*ectively, deter'ine the rate at %hich %ater va*or is
transferred through the trough %all to the ta8let.
Example ! "Example 14.!#
!nown" Molar concentration of %ater va*or at inner and outer surface of
a *oly'er sheet and trough geo'etry.
#ind" Rate of %ater va*or 'olar diffusivity transfer through the %all
Scheatic"
Example ! "Example 14.!#
*ssuptions"
!teady4state, 14 conditions
!tationary 'ediu'
No che'ical reaction
Poly'er sheet is thin relative to the di'ensions of trough, and diffusion 'ay
8e analyGed as though it occurs through a *lan %all
*nalysis"
The total %ater va*or transfer is the su''ation of the transfer rate through
the cylindrical %alls of the trough and the 8otto', circular surface of the
trough.
Example ! "Example 14.!#
-ro' equation 1".$" %e 'ay %rite
&ence
Lecture 19
/ 0 9 /
"
0 / 0
9
2 , 1 ,
2
2 , 1 , , s A s A
AB
s A s A
AB
x A
C C D(
D
L
D
C C
L
A D
N + = =

/ < 0 17 9 32 . 7
/ 17 9 $ . 7 17 9 $ . " 0 9 / 17 9 $ 0 9 / 17 9 $ 0 9
"
/ 17 9 $ 0
17 9 $7
17 9 (
1$
3 3 3 3
2 3
(
1"
,
s !mol
N
x A

+ =