Presented By:

Aaruni Giriraj
1221013101
Near Field Communication (NFC) is based on a
short-range wireless connectivity, designed for
simple and safe interaction between electronic
devices. It is easy to use wireless communication
interface for last few centimetres. connection
between two devices is established just by holding
the devices close to each other or touch them
together.


NFC is a short-range wireless technology.
NFC provides unique advantages over other
available wireless technologies.
The design includes a near-field transmitter
and receiver to send data from one
computer to another

NFC traces its roots back to Radio
frequency identification(RFID).
RFID is the use of a wireless non-contact
system that uses radio-
frequency electromagnetic fields to
transfer data from a tag attached to an
object, for the purposes of automatic
identification. Some tags require no
battery and are powered and read at
short ranges via magnetic fields
(electromagnetic induction).
Others use a local power source and
emit radio waves at radio frequence. The
tag contains electronically stored
information which may be read from up
to several meters away.
It was jointly developed by Sony and
Philips.
2006-Nokia 6131 was the first NFC
phone
2010-Samsung Nexus S: First Android
NFC phone


It is a wireless communication technology based
upon 13.56 MHz. It is designed for read/write
transactions with a very short range operating
distances up to a few centimetres(less than 10cm)

It offers a baud rate of 106 kbps to 424kbps.

At a transaction only two participants can be involved
- one transmitter (initiator) and one receiver (target).


Near field communication builds on the RFID
technology. It allows for two-way communication
between devices at a very short range.
Near-field communications (NFC) combines two established
technologies: radio frequency identification (RFID) tags,
which are tiny chips with built-in radios and wireless reader
that picks up the signals from the radios. The reader when
activated emits a short range radio signal that powers up a
microchip on the tag, and allows for reading a small amount of
data that can be stored on the tag.

RFID OBJECT
Active mode:
communication between two active devices(both initiator
and target are powered devices).
In active mode both initiator and target are using their own
generated RF field to enable the communication.


In active mode the data is sent using amplitude shift keying
(ASK).
Communication takes place between an active
and a passive device.
Passive device has no battery and uses the RF
field generated by the active device.
The Initiator device provides a carrier
The Target device answers by modulating existing field.
Target device act as a transponder

Not restricted to 1-to-1 communication
Multiple devices in a small area can
communicate with each other using the same
frequency.
Maximum transfer bit rate of 800kbps.
No special software is required.
Operation at a frequency of 13.5 MHz
No ethical concerns due to range
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
VCO produces a frequency-modulated signal at the
transmitter
Phase lock loop demodulates the signal at the
receiver.


Hardware
Transmitter
PC interface (MAX232A)
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (POS+25)
Power Amplifier (LM6181)
Loop Antenna
Receiver
Loop Antenna
Amplifier (LM6181)
Phase Lock Loop (NE564)
PC interface (MAX232A)

5
4
3
2
1
9
7
6
8
Serial Port
VCC
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
16
15
14
13
9
10
11
12
MAX232A
T1 Out
C2+
C1+
T1 In V-
C2-
V+ Gnd
VCC
R1 In
T2 In T2 Out
C1-
R2 Out R2 In
R1 Out
Antenna
50
50
50
820
820
V+
V-
LM6181
8
7
6
5
1
2
3
4
POS
-25
VCO
V
Tune
GND
RF
Out
VCC
GND
GND
GND
GND
2K
220
180
180
180 180
V-
V+
HA17741
3.7V
Antenna
VCC
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
1
6
1
5
1
4
13
9
10
11
1
2
MAX232A
T1 Out
C2+
C1+
T1 In V-
C2-
V+ Gnd
VCC
R1 In
T2 In T2 Out
C1-
R2 Out R2 In
R1 Out
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
1
6
1
5
1
4
13
9
10
11
1
2
NE564
Analogue
Out
Loop Filter
V+
VCO
Out
FM/RF Input
Loop Filter
Loop
Gain
Control
Hysteresis
set
TTL
Output
Set Cap
V+ Bias Filter
Input
VCO
Out
TTL
Ground
Set Cap
5
4
3
2
1
9
7
6
8
Serial Port
50
50
50
820 820
V+
V-
1K
1K
2K
1.2K
10K
5
V
5
V
300pF
300pF
0.1uF
0.1uF
510
510
33pF
10uF
0.22uF
0.22uF
10K
Connects through serial cable
Received by MAX232A
0 to 5V square wave
Voltage divider
Non-inverting voltage adder
5
4
3
2
1
9
7
6
8
Serial Port
VCC
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
16
15
14
13
9
10
11
12
MAX232A
T1 Out
C2+
C1+
T1 In V-
C2-
V+ Gnd
VCC
R1 In
T2 In T2 Out
C1-
R2 Out R2 In
R1 Out
Antenna
50
50
50
820
820
V+
V-
LM6181
8
7
6
5
1
2
3
4
POS
-25
VCO
V
Tune
GND
RF
Out
VCC
GND
GND
GND
GND
2K
220
180
180
180 180
V-
V+
HA17741
3.7V
Operates on a 12-V power supply
Accepts an input from 3.7V to 4.2V from the
PC interface.
Outputs a signal whose frequency varies
according to the input voltage level


Accepts an input from the VCO
Outputs the signal to the loop antenna
Power gain of approximately 11dB
Antenna
VCC
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
0.1uF
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
1
6
1
5
1
4
13
9
10
11
1
2
MAX232A
T1 Out
C2+
C1+
T1 In
V-
C2-
V+
Gnd
VCC
R1 In
T2 In T2 Out
C1-
R2 Out R2 In
R1 Out
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
1
6
1
5
1
4
13
9
10
11
1
2
NE564
Analogue
Out
Loop Filter
V+
VCO
Out
FM/RF Input
Loop Filter
Loop
Gain
Control
Hysteresis
set
TTL
Output
Set Cap
V+ Bias Filter
Input
VCO
Out
TTL
Ground
Set Cap
5
4
3
2
1
9
7
6
8
Serial Port
50
50
50
820
820
V+
V-
1K
1K
2K
1.2K
10K
5
V
5
V
300pF
300pF
0.1uF
0.1uF
510
510
33pF
10uF
0.22uF
0.22uF
10K
Vin
Vout

Loop Diameter = 6.5 cm
Inductance = 3 uH
Capacitor used to resonate the antenna at
13.5 MHz = 45 pF
Very directional
Larger loop = more gain
Picks up less noise
Small, multi-loop turn does not radiate much

Tracks the frequency and phase of the input
Frequency of an FSK signal changes according
to the data bits; therefore, PLL can
demodulate an FSK signal.
Output is the VCO control voltage.
Tuned to 10MHz and 13.5MHz
Pass-band of 2-3MHz
Signal did not decay fast enough outside
of the pass-band
Vin
-
+
Vout
+Supply
-Supply
Small antenna bandwidth made us to revise
our original design.
Drift in the frequency of VCO.
Amplifier oscillation
Most significant bit flipping
Less power consumption
More efficient loop antenna for larger range.
Smaller setup
Two-way communication

Strengths
No interference due to decaying fields
Within FCC regulation
FCC requires max E-field of 334uV/m at 30m
Our max E-field at 30m is 180uV/m
Weaknesses
Very small range
Sensitive to distance and alignment
653mW
Maximum bit rate of 800kbps
Text communication between two PCs
Transmission range of 30cm
Ability to send a text file between PCs

Touch and Go: Applications such as access control or
transport/event ticketing, where the user needs only to bring the
device storing the ticket or access code close to the reader.

Touch and Confirm: Applications such as mobile payment where
the user has to confirm the interaction by entering a password or just
accepting the transaction.

Touch and Connect: Linking two NFC-enabled devices to enable
peer to peer transfer of data such as downloading music, exchanging
images or synchronizing address books.

Touch and Explore: NFC devices may offer more than one possible
function. The consumer will be able to explore a device's
capabilities to find out which functionalities and services are
offered.


In summary, Near Field Communication is an efficient technology
for communications with short ranges. It offers an intuitive and
simple way to transfer data between electronic devices. A significant
advantages of this technique is the compatibility with existing RFID
infrastructures. Additionally, it would bring benefits to the setup of
longer-range wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth ,Wifi .

NFC is a technology that makes peoples lives easier easier to pay
for goods and services, easier to use public transport, and easier to
share data between devices
Thank you!