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03 Signals Fourier Series

The document provides an overview of signals, Fourier series, and periodic signals. It discusses representations of signals in the time and frequency domains. Fourier series are introduced as a representation of periodic signals as the sum of an infinite number of sinusoids. Examples are given to illustrate Fourier series and how they can be used to express periodic signals as a weighted sum of basis functions.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
91 views10 pages

03 Signals Fourier Series

The document provides an overview of signals, Fourier series, and periodic signals. It discusses representations of signals in the time and frequency domains. Fourier series are introduced as a representation of periodic signals as the sum of an infinite number of sinusoids. Examples are given to illustrate Fourier series and how they can be used to express periodic signals as a weighted sum of basis functions.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 1

Signals, Fourier Series


Analog and Digital Communications
Autumn 2005-2006
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 2
Review of Signals and Spectra
A generic sinusoidal signal

Phasor representation

Frequency domain representation
Rotating phasors
Frequency plots
Amplitude
Phase
v(t ) = A cos(w
0
t + );
v(t) = Acos(w
0
t + ) = <[Ae
j (w
0
t+)
]
w
0
= 2f
0
A
w
0
t +
f
0
f
0 f
f
0 f
A

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

P
h
a
s
e

Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 3
Review of Signals and Spectra
Two sided spectra can be seen from

This represents two rotating phasors
Amplitude and phase spectrum (two sided)
v(t ) =
2
A
e
j
e
j w
0
t
+
2
A
e
j
e
j w
0
t
f
0
f
A=2
Amplitude
A=2
f
0
f
0
f

Phase
f
0

Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 4
Periodic Signals
A signal is periodic if there exists
such that
Smallest such is called fundamental
period
Any integer multiple of is also a period
x
p
(t )
x
p
(t ) = x
p
(t + T)
T
T
T
0
T
0
T
0
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 5
Average signal and Power
Average signal


Average power


For periodic signals, limit goes away
hjx(t )j
2
i =
T
1
R
T=2
T=2
jx(t )j
2
dt
hx(t )i =
T
1
R
T=2
T=2
x(t )dt
lim
T ! 1
lim
T ! 1
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 6
Fourier Series Representation
Projection of periodic signals onto basis
functions
Periodic signal is a weighted sum of these basis
functions
Exponentials are used as basis functions for
writing Fourier series
Any periodic signal can be expressed as a
sum of infinite number of exponentials (or
sinusoids for real signals)
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 7
Fourier Series
v(t ) =
P
1
1
c
n
e
j 2nf
0
t
c
n
=
T
0
1
R
T
0
v(t )e
j 2nf
0
t
dt
c
0
=
T
0
1
R
T
0
v(t )dt = hv(t )i
f
0
=
T
0
1
(fundamental frequency)
Line spectra at frequencies that are integer
multiple of fundamental frequency
(Each term represents one frequency)
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 8
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Sinc Function
sinc(x) =
x
sin x
Where does this appear?
Note the points where this
function becomes zero
T
1
R
T=2
T=2
e
j 2f t
dt =
j 2f T
1
(e
j f T
e
j f T
) =
f T
sinf T
= sinc(f T)
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 9
Fourier Series: Example
c
n
=
T
0
1
R
T
0
v(t )e
j 2nf
0
t
dt
=
T
0
1
R
=2
=2
Ae
j 2nf
0
t
dt
=
j 2nf
0
T
0
A
(e
j nf
0

e
j nf
0

)
=
T
0
A

nf
0
sinnf
0

=
T
0
A
sinc(nf
0
)
2

T
0
T
0
A
v(t )
t
=
4
A
sinc(
4
n
) for =
4
T
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
nf
0
=
4
n
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

b
y

A
/
4


Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 10
Sinusoidal Fourier Series
For real signals







and can be expressed in terms of
= c
0
+
P
n=1
1
(c
n
e
j 2nf
0
t
+ c

n
e
j 2nf
0
t
)
c
n
= c

n
v(t ) =
P
1
1
c
n
e
j 2nf
0
t
P
n= 1
1
jc
n
je
j (2nf
0
t+
6
c
n
)
= c
0
+ 2
P
n= 1
1
c
n
j j cos(2nf
0
t +
6
c
n
)
= a
0
+ 2
P
n= 1
1
[a
n
cos(2nf
0
t ) + b
n
sin(2nf
0
t )]
a
n
b
n
c
n
= c
0
+
P
n= 1
1
jc
n
je
j (2nf
0
t+
6
c
n
)
+

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