Introduction to

Computer Networks

1 © Copyright | HP Education
 Computer Network

 Interconnection of two or more computers and peripherals

 Allows user to share and transfer information

2 © Copyright | HP Education
 Types of Computer Networks

 Networks are classified depending on the geographical area covered by the

network

3
3 © Copyright | HP Education
 Local Area Network (LAN) - I

 Covers a small area

 Connects computers and workstations covering a local area like, office or home

© Copyright | HP Education
4 4
 Local Area Network (LAN) - II

 Advantages of LAN:
 Improves productivity due to faster work

 Provides easy maintenance

 New systems can be installed and configured easily

 Disadvantages of LAN:
 Limited number of systems can only be connected

 Cannot cover large area

 Network performance degrades as number of users exceeds

© Copyright | HP Education
5 5
 Types of LAN

 LANs are classified depending on the techniques used for data sharing

6
6 © Copyright | HP Education
 Campus Area Network (CAN)

 Made up of multiple LANs within limited area

 Connects different LANs in a campus

© Copyright | HP Education
7 7
Metropolitan Area Network

• Interconnects networks within a city

• Supports data and voice transmission

© Copyright | HP Education
8 8
Wide Area Network

 Covers a wide geographical area which includes multiple computers or LANs e.g.
Internet

© Copyright | HP Education
9 9
 Client/Server Configuration

 Consists of two elements, Client and Server

 Server:
 A centralized element which provides resources to client

 Manages data, printers or network traffic

 Client:
 Manages local resources used by users such as monitor, keyboard, CPU and

peripherals

© Copyright | HP Education
10 10
 Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Model - I

 Also known as ISO-OSI Reference Model

 Developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 Describes flow of information from one computer to another
 Consists of seven layers

© Copyright | HP Education
11 11
 Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Model - II

© Copyright | HP Education
12 12
 Topologies

13 © Copyright | HP Education
13
Introducing Topologies

• Topology refers to physical or logical arrangement of network

• Physical topologies are
– Single Node
– Bus
– Star
– Ring
– Mesh
– Tree
– Hybrid

14 © Copyright | HP Education
14
Single Node Topology - I

• Single device, at times device called dumb terminal is connected to the server
• Devices operates on files from server and returns them back after completing task

© Copyright | HP Education
15 15
Single Node Topology - II

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
– Easy to install, configure and – Network consists of single device
manage
– Dumb terminal is dependent on
– Least expensive server

– Single cable is required

© Copyright | HP Education
16 16
Bus topology - I

• All devices are connected to a common cable called trunk

• Maximum segment length of cable is 200 m
• Maximum of 30 devices per segment

© Copyright | HP Education
17 17
Bus topology - II

• Server is at one end and devices are at different positions

• 50 ohm terminator is used
• Devices are not responsible for data transmission
• Number of collisions are more
• Usually uses Thinnet or Thicknet
• Performance degrades as more computers are added to the bus.

© Copyright | HP Education
18 18
Bus topology - III

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:

– Installation of devices is easy – If backbone breaks, entire network

gets down
– Requires less cable compared to
star topology – Difficult to isolate problems

– Less expensive and works better for – Limited number of devices

smaller networks

© Copyright | HP Education
19 19
 Star Topology - I

 Each device is connected to a central device called hub through cable

 Data passes through hub before reaching destination
 If a computer goes down, the network functions normally .

20 © Copyright | HP Education
20
Star Topology - II

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:

– Easy to install, configure, manage – Requires more cable

and expand
– Failure of hub affects entire
– Centralized management network
– More Expensive
– Addition or removal of device does
not affect the whole network

21 © Copyright | HP Education
21
Ring Topology - I

• Devices are connected in a closed loop

• All devices have equal access to media
• Most common type is Token Ring
• Each computer acts as a repeater and
keeps the signal strong

22 © Copyright | HP Education
22
Ring Topology - II

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:

– Data travels at greater speed – More cabling is required compared

to bus

– No collisions
– One faulty device affects the entire
network
– Handles large volume of traffic
– Addition of devices affect network

23 © Copyright | HP Education
23
Dual Ring Topology

• Consists of two independent primary

and secondary rings

• Secondary ring is redundant, used only

when primary stops functioning

24 © Copyright | HP Education
24
Mesh Topology - I

• Used in WANs to interconnect LANs

• Every device is connected to every
other device
• Use routers to determine the best
path of communication

25 © Copyright | HP Education
25
Mesh Topology - II

Types

Full mesh Partial mesh

• Full mesh topology – All devices are connected to each other

• Partial mesh topology - Some devices are connected to only those with whom they
exchange most of the data

26 © Copyright | HP Education
26
Mesh Topology - III

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:

– Improves fault – Difficult to install and

tolerance manage

– Failure of one link

– Each link from one
does not affect entire
network device to other
requires individual
– Centralized NIC
management is not
required – Very much expensive

27 © Copyright | HP Education
27
Tree Topology - I

• Connects groups of star networks

• Devices are wired to root hub
• Root hub is connected to second level
devices
• Lowest level devices are smaller
computers

28 © Copyright | HP Education
28
Tree Topology - II

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
– Easy to add new – Difficult to configure
devices – If backbone breaks,
– Point-to-point wiring entire network goes
for each device down
– Fault detection is – More expensive
easy

29 © Copyright | HP Education
29
Hybrid Topology - I

• Combines two or more different physical topologies

• Commonly Star-Bus or Star-Ring
• Star-Ring uses Multistation Access Unit (MAU)

30 © Copyright | HP Education
30
Hybrid Topology - II

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:

– Used for creating – Installation and

larger networks configuration is
difficult
– Handles large volume
of traffic – More expensive than
other topologies
– Fault detection is
easy – More cabling is
required

31 © Copyright | HP Education
31
 Transmission Media

32 © Copyright | HP Education
Characteristics of Cables

• Segment Length – Length of single wire

• Attenuation – Indicates loss of signal
• Bandwidth – Amount of data carried by cable
• Number of Segments – Maximum number of
segments in network
• Cost – Copper cables are cheapest, fiber optic
cables are expensive
• Interference susceptibility and crosstalk –
Defines concept of electronic interference on
cables

© Copyright | HP Education
33 33
 Types of cables

 Copper medium is the cheapest mode of data transfer

Types of cables

Coaxial cable Twisted pair cables

34
34 © Copyright | HP Education
Coaxial cable

• Consist of a solid copper core surrounded by an insulator mainly made up of Poly

Vinyl Chloride (PVC) or Teflon
• Coaxial cables are less prone to interference (both internal and external)

© Copyright | HP Education
35 35
 Types of Coaxial cable

• Coaxial cables are mainly divided into four categories

36
36 © Copyright | HP Education
RG58

• Maximum segment length is 200 (185) meters

• Interference protection is better than twisted pair cables
• BNC-T connector is used to connect this cable
• Used in thinnet (10BASE2) network
• Mostly used in changing environments

© Copyright | HP Education
37 37
RG8

• Maximum segment length is 500 meters

• Interference protection is good compared to any copper cable
• BNC-T or Vampire Tap connector is used to connect this cable
• Used in 10BASE5 network

© Copyright | HP Education
38 38
 RG6

• Broadband quad-shielded cable

• Provides lower attenuation characteristics
• Useful in cable TV, CCTV and satellite dish
antenna

39
39 © Copyright | HP Education
 RG59

• Solid conductor is surrounded by a

foam polyethylene dielectric
• Useful in security camera, cable TV and
home theatre

40
40 © Copyright | HP Education
 Twisted Pair Cables

• A pair of cables twisted around each other forms a twisted pair cable.

Twisted Pair cables

Unshielded Shielded
Twisted Pair Twisted pair

41
41 © Copyright | HP Education
 UTP Cables

 Pair of unshielded wires wound around each

other

 Easily gets affected by EMI, RFI and crosstalk

 Maximum segment length is 100 meters

42
42 © Copyright | HP Education
UTP Cable Types

© Copyright | HP Education
43 43
 STP Cables

• Pair of wires wound around each other

is placed inside shield
• Better protection from EMI, RFI and
crosstalk as compared to UTP
• Maximum segment length of 100
meters

44
44 © Copyright | HP Education
Fiber Optic Medium

• Consists of centre glass core surrounded by cladding

• Electrical signals are converted into light signals
• LED or laser is used to transmit signal

© Copyright | HP Education
45 45
Fiber Optic Cable Characteristics

• Bandwidth – Carries large amount of data ranging from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps
• Segment Length – Transmits data signals over larger distance
• Interference – No electric signals pass through these types of cables thus providing
security

© Copyright | HP Education
46 46
 Fiber Optic Cable Types

• Fiber optic cables can carry signals in a single direction.

Fiber Optic Cable

Types

Single Mode Multi mode

47
47 © Copyright | HP Education
Single Mode Fiber Optic cable

• A type of cable that has only a single strand of glass fiber with a thin diameter.
• Fiber optic cables that use lasers are known as single mode cable.

© Copyright | HP Education
48 48
Multi Mode Fiber Optic cable

• A type of cable that contains a glass fiber with a larger diameter.

• It is a 62.5/125 micrometer fiber cable.

© Copyright | HP Education
49 49
Fiber Optic Cable Connectors

• Straight Tip (ST) – Joins individual fibers to optical devices

• Subscriber Connector (SC) – Attaches two fibers to send and receive signals
• Medium Interface Connector (MIC) – Joins fiber to FDDI controller
• Sub Miniature Type A (SMA) – Uses individual connectors for each fiber stand
• Fiber Jack – Attaches two fibers in snap lock connector

© Copyright | HP Education
50 50
 Media Comparison

Characteristics UTP STP Coaxial Cables Fiber Optic Cables

Bandwidth 10 Mbps – 100 10 Mbps – 100 10 Mbps 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps

Mbps Mbps
Maximum cable 100 meters 100 meters 200 – 500 meters 2 k.m. – 100 k.m.
segment
Interference rating Poor Better than UTP Better than twisted Very good as
pair wires compared to
any other cable

Installation cost Cheap Costly than UTP Costly than twisted Most costly to
pair wires install

Bend radius 360 degrees / feet 360 degrees / feet 360 degrees / feet or 30 degrees / feet
30 degrees /
feet
Security Low Low Low High

51
51 © Copyright | HP Education
 Internetworking
Devices

52 © Copyright | HP Education
 Introducing Network Elements

 Networking devices interconnects networks

 Manage data flow and network traffic

Networking
Devices

Other
Repeaters Hubs Bridges Switches Routers Gateways
Devices

53
53 © Copyright | HP Education
 Repeaters

• Operate at Physical Layer of the OSI model

 Reshape the weak signal

 Connect two segments of the same LAN
© Copyright | HP Education
54 54
 Hubs - I

 Simplest and low cost device

 Also known as Multi-port Repeater
 Operate at Physical Layer like Repeater
 Data transfer to all the ports
 Hub types:

Active hub – Provides signal regeneration

Passive hub – No signal regeneration

Intelligent hub – Provides management of each port

© Copyright | HP Education
55 55
Operation of Hub

© Copyright | HP Education
56 56
Bridges - I

 Layer 2 devices
as works at Data
Link Layer of the
OSI model
 Interconnect
multiple LANs
and manages
data flow

© Copyright | HP Education
57 57
Bridges - II

Working of a bridge

© Copyright | HP Education
58 58
 Bridges - III

• Capable of passing a frame

• Check Physical address
• Pass frame to the specified segment
• Perform error checking on the frame

59
59 © Copyright | HP Education
 Bridges - IV

• Features
–Easy to use as just plug in device
–Helps in network expansion
–Divides large network into small segments
–Used for increasing network reliability
Disadvantages
–Frames are buffered so provides network delay
–During high traffic may overload network
–Does not filter broadcast packets
–Expensive than Repeaters

© Copyright | HP Education
60 60
 Switches

 Provide signal flow management

 Replace slower hub
 Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC address
for data transfer
 Data transfer to specific port

61
61 © Copyright | HP Education
Routers - I

 Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model

 Can connect nearer or far network segments
© Copyright | HP Education
62 62
 Routers - II

 Decide the best route with the help of network layer

address
 Responsible for Source to Destination delivery of
packet
 Route types:

Static route – Routing tables are manually configured

Dynamic route – Routing tables are automatically
configured

© Copyright | HP Education
63 63
Routing Protocols - I

 Helps routers to learn network topology and

network changes
 Routing algorithms are used by routing protocols for
deciding the path

© Copyright | HP Education
64 64
 Gateways - I

 Operate at all layers of the OSI model

 Act as gate to other networks
 A default gateway is on the same subnet as your
computer

Gateway
Types

Address Protocol Application Transport

Gateway Gateway Gateway Gateway

65
65 © Copyright | HP Education
 Gateways - II

 Address Gateway – Interconnects same protocol

networks
 Protocol Gateway – Interconnects different protocol
networks
 Application Gateway – Connects two parts of
applications
 Transport Gateway – Connects networks at
transport layer

© Copyright | HP Education
66 66
 Other Devices - I

Other
Devices

Multi-Protocol Layer 3
Brouters
Routers Switches

 Multi-protocol router supports multiple

communication protocols
 Like router, it operates at Network Layer
67
67 © Copyright | HP Education
 Other Devices - II

 Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge and

Router
 Works at two layers, Data Link and Network
 Can operate only as bridge or only as router
 High performance switch operating at network layer
is Layer 3 Switch

© Copyright | HP Education
68 68
 Network Protocols

69 © Copyright | HP Education
Introducing Protocols

• Set of predefined rules used by devices in network for data transfer

• Network Protocols:
–TCP/IP
–ARP/RARP
–ICMP/IGMP
–UDP
–IPX/SPX
–HDLC/SDLC

© Copyright | HP Education
70 70
TCP/IP

 Two layer communication protocol used by Internet

 TCP provides connection-oriented reliable transport service
 Divides the message into smaller packets called segments
 IP is a connectionless and unreliable datagram protocol and provides no error
checking
 IP transfers data in the form of packets called datagrams

© Copyright | HP Education
71 71
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Designed before OSI model

• Consists of five layers
• Provides independent protocols at
each layer

72
72 © Copyright | HP Education
ARP/RARP

• To deliver packet both physical and logical addresses are necessary

• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) provides physical address when logical address is
known
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) maps logical address to physical address
• RARP is useful when device is booted for first time

© Copyright | HP Education
73 73
ICMP/IGMP

 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides error reporting and query
management mechanism
 ICMP handles problems occurring while packet transmission
 Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) manages multicasting and group
membership of devices

© Copyright | HP Education
74 74
UDP

• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides connectionless process-to-process

communication
• UDP packets are called user datagrams.
• User Datagram Format:

© Copyright | HP Education
75 75
IPX/SPX

• Novell NetWare system uses IPX/SPX as communication protocol within networks

• IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) operates at Network layer for connectionless
communication
• SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) operates at Transport layer for connection-
oriented communication
• Together, IPX/SPX provides same services as TCP/IP

© Copyright | HP Education
76 76
IPX/SPX Protocol Suite

© Copyright | HP Education
77 77
HDLC/SDLC

• High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) are
bit-oriented synchronous protocols in which data frames are interpreted as series
of bits
• Both are useful for half-duplex and full-duplex communication
• Windows XP still support DLC

© Copyright | HP Education
78 78
 Protocols at Different Layers
OSI Layers Protocols

Physical Layer No protocols defined

Data Link Layer HDLC, SDLC

Network Layer NetBEUI, IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP, IPX

Transport Layer NetBEUI, TCP, UDP, SPX

Session Layer NetBIOS, SAP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, SNMP,

Presentation Layer NCP, RIP, NLSP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, SNMP, NFS

Application Layer SMTP, DNS, SNMP, NFS, TFTP

79
79 © Copyright | HP Education
 TCP/IP Services and Applications

80 © Copyright | HP Education
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• Specifies how mail should be delivered from one system to another

• Standard protocol used for transferring email from one computer to another
• Makes connection between sender’s server and recipient and then transfer
messages

© Copyright | HP Education
81 81
SMTP Work Flow

• A two-way transmission channel established between the sender SMTP and a

receiver SMTP

• Commands are generated by sender SMTP and sent to receiver SMTP

© Copyright | HP Education
82 82
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Set of rules used to exchange files on World Wide Web

• Users can exchange text, graphic images, sound, video and other multimedia files
• Defines how messages are formatted and transmitted over the Internet

© Copyright | HP Education
83 83
HTTP Work Flow

 HTTP works on request and response

between browser and server
 Web server is designated to handle HTTP
requests then sends requested HTML
page

 Proxy servers is used with firewalls to monitor and direct HTTP traffic through
proxy to external internet

© Copyright | HP Education
84 84
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Used over Internet to exchange files
• Uses Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer
• Establishes two way connections between computers

© Copyright | HP Education
85 85
FTP Communication

• Machine that are involved in an FTP transaction – Client (local host) machine and a
server (remote host)
• Client machine initiates transfer
• Get command used to
copy files from server to
client
• Put command is used to
copy files from client to server

© Copyright | HP Education
86 86
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
(TFTP) - I
• Used to transfer files to and from a remote computer
• Used by servers to boot diskless workstations, X-terminals and routers
• Start with a small amount of built-in software

© Copyright | HP Education
87 87
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
(TFTP) – II
• Connection and Communication between Client/Server
–Communication and messaging different in TFTP when compared with FTP
–TFTP uses UDP
–Process of transferring a file:
•Initial Connection
•Data Transfer
•Connection Termination

© Copyright | HP Education
88 88
Network News Transfer Protocol
(NNTP)
• Used to transfer Usenet news from one machine to another machine
• Usenet news is a large collection of discussion groups, covering a wide range of
topics
• NNTP provides connection-oriented service
• Communication takes place between a client and a server that keeps netnews on
both the places

© Copyright | HP Education
89 89
 Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)
• Framework for managing devices over Internet using TCP/IP protocol suite
• Provides set of fundamental operation for monitoring and maintaining devices in the
network
• Agent is server process that maintains Management Information Base (MIB)
database for host

© Copyright | HP Education
90 90
Post Office Protocol (POP)

 Used to retrieve email from remote server to local client over TCP/IP connection
 E-mail clients using POP3 connect, retrieve all messages or store them on user's PC as
new messages or delete them from server and disconnect
 POP3 is a TCP/IP client/server protocol
 Session States:
◦ Authorization State
◦ Transaction State
◦ Update State

© Copyright | HP Education
91 91
Internet Message Access
Protocol (IMAP)
• Enables the users to work with the mail on the server
• Does not download the mails
• Used to access e-mails from a local server
• Working with mails
–Accessing and deleting mails
–Attachments

© Copyright | HP Education
92 92
BOOTP and DHCP - I

• BOOTP – First automated configuration tool for IP hosts

–Bootstrapping – Provides the host with the capability of getting IP addresses while
machine boots
–Requires two phases:
•Client provided with address and other parameters
•Client downloads softwares to function on network and perform tasks

© Copyright | HP Education
93 93
BOOTP and DHCP – II

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) – Successor of BOOTP with different

features
• Dynamically assign addresses to clients and centrally manage
• Consists of two major components – 1. Address allocation mechanism 2. Protocol
that allows clients and server to communicate
• DHCP standard includes three different address allocation mechanisms:
–Manual , Automatic and Dynamic

© Copyright | HP Education
94 94
TELNET

• Network protocol used on internet or local area network connections

• Terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks
• Enables to control server and communicate with other servers on network

© Copyright | HP Education
95 95
World Wide Web (WWW) - I

• WWW is a network of Internet servers, which support documents that are

developed using HTML
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a language in which these documents are
formatted
• Client-side
–Computer application – Web browser that runs on user’s local computer and
connects to server
–Interpreter that interprets code in an HTML page
–Operations carried out on client-side

© Copyright | HP Education
96 96
World Wide Web (WWW) – II

• Server Side
–Software program – Web server that runs on a remote
server
–Manages and shares web based applications
–Operations include processing and storage of data from
client to server

© Copyright | HP Education
97 97
 Wireless Networking

98 © Copyright | HP Education
 Wireless Networking Basics

 Wireless networking allows

you to establish:
 Communication using standard network
protocols
 Communication without the use of
cables
 Technologies used for wireless access
based on
 Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)
 Home Radio Frequency
(HomeRF)

99
99 © Copyright | HP Education
 Types of Wireless Network – I

• Peer-to-Peer(P2P) or Ad-Hoc
–Connected wirelessly with the use of wireless
Network Interface Card (NIC)
–Computers can access printers and share files
–Wired LAN can be accessed using bridging

100
100 © Copyright | HP Education
Types of Wireless Network – II

 Access point or
Infrastructure wireless
LAN
◦ Wireless device
connects to the access
point to connect to the
network
◦ Access point acts as a
hub to connect two
wireless devices
◦ Wireless bridge used to
connect wireless
network to wired
network
101 © Copyright | HP Education 101
IEEE 802.11

• Security
–Four methods of wireless network security:
•Data encryption - WEP (Wired Equivalent
Privacy) and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
•Port based access control
•Service Set Identifier (SSID)
•Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering

102 © Copyright | HP Education 102

Components Requirements

• The important components required for

setting up a wireless network are:
–Medium
–Access point and Extension point
–Wireless bridges and Power line bridges
–Antennas
–Wireless adapters
–Wireless Station and Server
–Software

103 © Copyright | HP Education 103

Medium

• Wireless medium is an unguided form of

networking medium
• Wireless transmission involves use of
technologies such as Bluetooth, Infrared,
Lasers, Radio signals and Microwave
technologies
• Mobile computing allows users to do their
work at any location

104 © Copyright | HP Education 104

 Access Point and Extension Point

• Access Point
–Device that bridges a wireless connection and a
wired connection
–Two types of access points: Hardware access
points and Software access points
• Extension Point
–Used if single access point is not able to cover
entire area

105 © Copyright | HP Education 105

Hardware Access Points

• Hardware access point is a physical device

that is used to establish a connection between
a wired network and a wireless network

106 © Copyright | HP Education 106

Software Access Points

• Software Access Points are computer which

includes a wireless network interface card.

107 © Copyright | HP Education 107

Extension Point

• Extension points are used if a single access

point is not able to cover the entire area.

108 © Copyright | HP Education 108

Antennas and Adapters

• Antennas are used to increase the range

of wireless network
• Types of antennas used:
–Omnidirectional antennas - Used indoors and
small in size
–Directional antennas - High gain and used for
long range outdoor use
• Wireless adapters help to connect
computer or PDA to a network
• Wireless adapters are available as PC
cards, PCI and mini PCI, USB, and
CompactFlash.

109 © Copyright | HP Education 109

 Wireless Station and Server

• Wireless Local Area Network consists of

wireless station and wireless server
• Wireless station - Connects wireless
network into a wireless medium

Wireless Stations

Wireless Clients Access Points

 Wireless server – The main server which controls

all devices within the wireless network
110
110 © Copyright | HP Education
Software

• Wireless network adapter requires two

types of software so as to function
properly:
–Driver
–Configuration Utility
• Windows XP has built-in tools for
configuring network adapter settings

111 © Copyright | HP Education

111
 Cisco Router Configuration Basics

112 © Copyright | HP Education

 WHAT IS A ROUTER
 Router is a device that acts as interconnect to two networks
Tpye’s of router
(a)Hardware router
(b)Software router
 Hardware routers are small boxes which run special software created by their
vendors to give them the routing capability and the only thing they do is simply
route data from one network to another. Most companies prefer hardware routers
because they are faster and more reliable, even though their cost is considerably
more when compared with a software router

113 © Copyright | HP Education

Software router

• Software routers do the same job with the above hardware routers (route data),
but they don't come in small flashy boxes. A software router could be an NT server,
NetWare server or Linux server. All network servers have built-in routing
capabilities.

114 © Copyright | HP Education

Router Vendors

• Cisco
• Juniper
• Alcatel
• Zdnet etc.

115 © Copyright | HP Education

Cisco hierarchical model

• Cisco has three hierarchical model

• Core layer
• Distribution
• Acces layer

116 © Copyright | HP Education

Difine the layer

• Core layer: This layer is considered the backbone of the network and includes the
high-end switches and high-speed cables such as fiber cables. This layer of the
network does not route traffic at the LAN. In addition, no packet manipulation is
done by devices in this layer. Rather, this layer is concerned with speed and ensures
reliable delivery of packets

117 © Copyright | HP Education

• Distribution layer: This layer includes LAN-based routers and layer 3 switches. This layer
ensures that packets are properly routed between subnets and VLANs in your enterprise.
This layer is also called the Workgroup layer
• Access layer: This layer includes hubs and switches. This layer is also called the desktop layer
because it focuses on connecting client nodes, such as workstations to the network. This
layer ensures that packets are delivered to end user computers.

118 © Copyright | HP Education

 cisco hierarchical model Example

119 © Copyright | HP Education

Fixed & Modular Router

• Modular Router- In modular router the interfaces are not fixed so that we will be
able to installed cards later on this router
• Fixed Router – In non modular router the interfaces fixed we can not able to add
ports/interfaces later on

120 © Copyright | HP Education

Router Components

Bootstrap – stored in ROM microcode –

brings router up during initialisation, boots router
and loads the IOS.
 POST – Power On Self Test - stored in ROM
microcode – checks for basic functionality of router
hardware and determines which interfaces are
present
 ROM Monitor – stored in ROM microcode – used for
manufacturing, testing and troubleshooting
 Mini-IOS – a.k.a RXBOOT/boot loader by Cisco –
small IOS ROM used to bring up an interface and
load a Cisco IOS into flash memory from a TFTP
server; can also perform a few other
maintenance operations
121 © Copyright | HP Education
Router Components

• RAM – holds packet buffers, ARP cache, routing table,

software and data structure that allows the router to
function; running-config is stored in RAM, as well as the
decompressed IOS in later router models

• ROM – starts and maintains the router

• Flash memory – holds the IOS; is not erased when the

router is reloaded; is an EEPROM [Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory] created by Intel,
that can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly
through an application of higher than normal electric
voltage

• NVRAM – Non-Volatile RAM - holds router configuration;

is not erased when router is reloaded

122 © Copyright | HP Education

Introduction of Cisco IOS

• How a Cisco device locates and loads IOS

–The default source for Cisco IOS software depends on the hardware
platform, but most commonly the router looks to the boot system
commands saved in NVRAM
–Cisco IOS software allows several alternatives to be used. Other sources
can be specified for the software, or the router can use its own fallback
sequence to load the software

123 © Copyright | HP Education

MANAGING CISCO IOS

• The value in the configuration

register tells the router where to
get the IOS
• This can be confirmed by using
the show version command and
looking at the last line for the
configuration register

124 © Copyright | HP Education

MANAGING CISCO IOS

125 © Copyright | HP Education

MANAGING CISCO IOS

• Managing configuration files using TFTP

–Enter the command copy running-config tftp.
–At the prompt, enter the IP address of the TFTP server to store the
configuration file.
–Enter the name to assign to the configuration file or accept the default
name.
–Confirm the choices by typing yes each time.

126 © Copyright | HP Education

MANAGING CISCO IOS

127 © Copyright | HP Education

MANAGING CISCO IOS

• Enter the command copy tftp running-config.

• At the prompt, select a host or network configuration file.
• At the system prompt, enter the IP address of the TFTP server where the
configuration file is located.
• At the system prompt, enter the name of the configuration file or accept the default
name.
• Confirm the configuration filename and the server address that the system
supplies.

128 © Copyright | HP Education

Router Basics Commands

• You can tell in which area of the router’s configuration you are by looking at the router
prompts:

–Router> – USER prompt mode

–Router# – PRIVILEGED EXEC prompt mode

–Router(config) – terminal configuration prompt

–Router(config-if) – interface configuration prompt

–Router(config-subif) – sub-interface configuration prompt

*

129 © Copyright | HP Education

Router Basics Commands

• Router(config)# hostname hpes

• Router(config-if) no shut
• Router(config-if) shut
• Set Banner to Router
• Router(config) banner login (telnet) . “welcome tp hpes .”
• Router(config) banner motd. (message of the day Banner

130 © Copyright | HP Education

Set Router Passwords

• Router(config) line console 0

• Router(config-line) password hpes
• Router(config-line) login

• Set administrative mode Password

• Router(config) enable password hpes
• Router(config) enable secret hpes

• Set Telnet Mode Passwords

• Router(config) line vty 0 4
• Router(config-line) password hpes
• Router(config-line) login

131 © Copyright | HP Education

Break Password on Router

• Power-cycle the router when Router is boot press+Ctrl+Break

• Rouer will come Rommon mode
• Rommon >Confreg 0X2142
• Rommon>reset
• Continue with configuration dialog pesss No
• Router will come user mode
• Router>enable
• Router# copy Startup-config Running-config
• Router(config)# enable password hpes1
• Router(config)# config-register 0x2102
• Router# copy running-config startup-config
• Router# reload

132 © Copyright | HP Education

 Routing

• What is Routing> Routing is the process of sending a packet of information from one
network to another networks,routes based on the destination network
• The Administrative Distance of Common Routing Protocol
• O – Connected
• 1 – Static
• 20 – BGP
• Internal EIGRP – 90
• IGRP – 100
• OSPF – 110
• RIP - 120

133 © Copyright | HP Education

Routing Type

• There are two basic methods of building a routing table: Statically and Dynamically
Static
1. Static routing table is created, mainted and updated by a network Administrator,
manually
2. Static routes have an administrative Distance is 1
3. Static will not share Static routes with each other
4. When there is low bandwidth Connectivity
5. When an administrator wants total control over the route
6. When hardware router is not able to handle routing updates

134 © Copyright | HP Education

Dynamic Routing

• A dynamic routing table is created, maintained , and updated by a routing protocol

running on the router Example-(RIP,EIGRP,OSPF,IGRP)

135 © Copyright | HP Education

Dynamic Routing Categories

• There are two type of dynamic Routing Protocol

1. Distance-vector routing Protocol
2. Link-state routing Protocol
Example of distance vector routing protocol (RIP,IGRP)
Example of link state Routing Protocol (OSPF,IS-IS)
EIGRP both distance-vector and link state routing Protocol

136 © Copyright | HP Education

 Distance Vector

• 1. distance Vector is classfull Routing protocol

• 2. periodic updates of the full routing table are sent to routing neighbors.
• 3. Distance vector routing protocol is used Bellman-Ford algorithm.
• Distance vector routing protocol begins by advertising directly connected networks to its
neighbors. (RIP – every 30 seconds; IGRP – every 90 seconds)
• Distance – vector protocols utilize some form of distance to calculate a rote’s metric.

137 © Copyright | HP Education

Link State Routing Protocol
• Classless routing protocol
• Support for VLSM
• Connection Oriented protocol
• Trigger update support
• Link state routing protocol is used Dijkstra algorithm
• Link state routing protocol maintain 3 seprate tables.
A. Neighbor Table
B. Topology Table
C. Routing Table

138 © Copyright | HP Education

RIP v1 (Routing Information
Protocol)
RIP is a standardized Distance Vector protocol, designed for use on smaller networks.
• RIP sends out periodic routing updates (30 sec)
• RIP sends out the full routing table every periodic update.
• RIP uses a form of distance as its metric hopcount 15 (max.)
• RIP uses the Bellman – ford Distance Vector algorithm to determine the best path to particular
destination

139 © Copyright | HP Education

• RIP support only Classfull IP routing protocol
• RIP send updates as broadcasts to address 255.255.255.255
• RIP v1 not support VLSM
• RIP support IP and IPX routing
• RIP routes have an administrative distance of 120
• Hop count – no of routers in between the route

140 © Copyright | HP Education

RIP Timers

• Update Timer (Default 30 seconds)- indicates how often the router will send out a routing
table update.
• Invalid Timer (Default 180 seconds)- If no new updates are heard about this route. The invalid
timer will be reset if an update is received for that particular route before the timer expires.
• Hold-down Timer(Default 180 sec)rip will not accept any new updates for routes in hold-down
state, until the hold-timer expires
• Flush Timer (Default 240 Seconds)- indicates how long a route can remain in a routing table
before being flushed, if no new updates are heard about this route.

141 © Copyright | HP Education

RIP v1 Basic Configuration

172.16.1.2/16 172.17.1.1/16 172.18.1.1/16

172.17.1.2/16

Router A Router B
Router A
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# Network 172.16.0.0
Router(config-router)# Network 172.17.0.0
Router B
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# Network 172.17.0.0
Router(config-router)# Network 172.18.0.0

142 © Copyright | HP Education

RIP v2 (Routing Information
Protocol)
RIP is a standardized Distance Vector protocol, designed for use on smaller networks.
• RIP sends out periodic routing updates (30 sec)
• RIP sends out the full routing table every periodic update.
• RIP uses a form of distance as its metric hopcount 15 (max.)
• RIP uses the Bellman – ford Distance Vector algorithm to determine the best path to particular
destination

143 © Copyright | HP Education

• RIP support only Classless IP routing protocol
• RIP send updates as multicasts address 224.0.0.9
• RIP v2 support VLSM
• RIP support IP and IPX routing
• RIP routes have an administrative distance of 120

144 © Copyright | HP Education

RIP v2 Basic Configuration

172.16.1.2/16 172.17.1.1/16 172.18.1.1/16

Router A Router B
172.17.1.2/16
Router A
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config)# version 2
Router(config-router)# Network 172.16.0.0
Router(config-router)# Network 172.17.0.0
Router B
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config)# version 2
Router(config-router)# Network 172.17.0.0
Router(config-router)# Network 172.18.0.0

145 © Copyright | HP Education

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol)

EIGRP is a Cisco-proprietary Hybrid routing protocol, incorporating features of both

Distance-Vector and Link- State routing protocols.
• EIGRP uses Diffusing update algorithm to determine the best path among all
“feasible” paths.
• EIGRP will form neighbor relationship with adjacent routers in the same
Autonomous System (AS)

146 © Copyright | HP Education

• EIGRP uses multicasts on address 224.0.0.10.
• EIGRP routers do not send periodic, full-table routing updates.
• EIGRP is a classless protocol and thus supports VLSMs.
• EIGRP supports IP, IPX, and Appletalk routing.
• EIGRP Administrative Distance is 90.
• EIGRP uses Bandwidth and Delay of the Line by default, to calculate its distance
metric Reliability, Load and MTU.
• EIGRP has a maximum hop-count of 224,

147 © Copyright | HP Education

EIGRP Tables:

• Neighbor table – list of all neighboring routers. Neighbors must belong to the same AS.
• Topology table – list of all routes in the AS.
• Routing table – contains the best route for each known network.

148 © Copyright | HP Education

EIGRP Neighbors

• EIGRP forms neighbor relationships in the same AS by exchanging Hello packets.

• Hello packets are sent multicast address 224.0.0.10
• EIGRP hellos packet are sent every 5 seconds. (high speed wan),slower links are
send every 60 seconds
• Hold timer is three times of Hello timer High speed 15 second, slow link 180
seconds.

149 © Copyright | HP Education

Configuring EIGRP

150 © Copyright | HP Education

 Router A
RouterA(config)# router eigrp 10
RouterA(config-router)# network 20.0.0.0
RouterA(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Router B
RouterB(config)# router eigrp 10
RouterB(config-router)# network 20.0.0.0
RouterB(config-router)# network 172.31.0.0
Router C
RouterC(config)# router eigrp 10
RouterC(config-router)# network 172.31.0.0
RouterC(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0

151 © Copyright | HP Education

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
OSPF is a standardized Link-State routing protocol, designed to scale
efficiently to support larger networks.
• OSPF allows for a hierarchical network design through the us of Areas
• OSPF uses the Dijkstra shortest path first algorithm.
• OSPF is a classless protocol, and thus supports VLSMs.
• OSPF Traffic is multicast 224.0.0.5 (all OSPF routers) or 224.0.0.6 ( all
Designated Routers)

152 © Copyright | HP Education

 • OSPF support only IP routing
• OSPF administrative distance is 110
• OSPF uses cost as its metric, which is computed based on
bandwidth of the link.
• OSPF has no hop-count limit.
• There are two types of area
• Transit area(backbone) used to transit information of are regular
areas
• Regular area uses are found in this area this area can not be used
as transit area and it must be connected to transit area
OSPF Tables:
Neighbor table
Topology table
Routing table

153 © Copyright | HP Education

Router ID Selection

• Router ID can be manually specified

• The highest ip address configured on any Loopback interface on the
router will become the Router id
• If no loopback interface exits the highest ip address configured on
any physical interface will become the Router ID
• OSPF Hello packets are sent out on interface every 10 seconds for
broadcast and point-to-point interface and 30 seconds for non
broadcast point to multipoint interface

154 © Copyright | HP Education

• OSPF also has a Dead Interval , which indicates how long a router will wait
without hearing any hellos before announcing a neighbor as “down”.
Default for Dead Interval is 40 Seconds for broadcast and point-to-point
interfaces, and 120 seconds for non-broadcast and point-to-multipoint
interfaces

155 © Copyright | HP Education

OSPF Neighbor States

Down – indicates that no Hellos have been heard from the neighboring router.
Init – indicates a Hello packet has been heard from the neighbor.
2-Way – indicates that bidirectional communication has been established.
ExStart – indicates that the routers are preparing to share link state
information.
Exchange – indicates that the routers are exchanging Database Descriptors.
Loading – routers are sharing their topology tables with each other.
Full – indicates that the routers are fully synchronized.

156 © Copyright | HP Education

Configuring OSPF

157 © Copyright | HP Education

Router A(config)# router ospf 1
Router A(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router A(config-router)# network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router B(config)# router ospf 1
Router B(config-router)# network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router B(config-router)# network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
Router C(config)# router ospf 1
Router C(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router C(config-router)# network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 2
Router D(config)# router ospf 1
Router D(config-router)# network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
Router E(config)# router ospf 1
Router E(config-router)# network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 2

158 © Copyright | HP Education

 VLAN (Virtual LAN)

VLANs is used to control broadcast domain.

Advantages of VLANs
Broadcast Control – Broadcasts are received by every host on the switched
network. In contrast, each VLAN belongs to its own broadcast domain (or IP
subnet); thus broadcast traffic from one VLAN will never reach another
VLAN.
Security – VLANs allow administrators to “logically” separate users and
departments.
Flexibility and Scalability – VLANs remove the physical boundaries of a
network. Users and devices can be added or moved anywhere on the
physical network, and yet remain assigned to the same VLAN.

159 © Copyright | HP Education

 VLAN Membership

VLAN membership can be configured one of two ways:

Statically – Individual switch-ports must be manually assigned to a VLAN.
Dynamically – Devices are automatically assigned into a VLAN based on its
MAC address. Cisco developed a dynamic VLAN product called the VLAN
Membership policy Server (VMPS).

Cisco switches support two frame-tagging protocols, Inter-Switch Link (ISL) and
IEEE 802.1Q
Inter-Switch Link – ISL is cisco ’s proprietary frame-tagging protocol ISL
encapsulates a frame with an additional Header(26 bytes) and 4 bytes
Trailer, increasing the size of an ethernet frame up to 30 bytes. The header
contains the 10 bytes VLAN ID, non-ISL devices (non-Cisco devices) will
actually drop ISL-tagged frames.

160 © Copyright | HP Education

 IEEE 802.1Q – IEEE802.1Q, otherwise known as DOT1Q, is the
standardized frame tagging protocol supported most switch
manufacturers
• By default configure VLAN 1 and VLAN 1002-1005

161 © Copyright | HP Education

Configure VLAN

162 © Copyright | HP Education

Switch(config)#vlan 2
Switch(config-vlan)#name sales
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#vlan 3
Switch(config-vlan)#name it
Switch(config)# vlan 4
Switch(config-vlan)# name HR
Switch# show vlan
Add pc to Vlan
Switch(config)# int fa0/1
Switch(config-if)# switchport access vlan 2
Add other PC to Vlan

163 © Copyright | HP Education

VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol)

In large switching environments, it can become difficult to maintain a

consistent VLAN database across all switches on the network. VTP
allows the VLAN database to be easily managed throughout the
network.
By default, VTP updates are sent out every 300 seconds.

164 © Copyright | HP Education

 VTP Modes

Server – Only VTP servers can create, modify or delete entries in the VLAN
database. Servers advertise their VLAN database to all other switches on
the network. Server can only advertise VLANs 1-1005
Client – VTP clients cannot make modifications to the VLAN database, A client
will also forward an update from a server to other clients.
Transparent – VTP transparent switches will not advertise or accept any VLAN
database information from other switches (even a server).

165 © Copyright | HP Education

 Access Control Lists

ACLs can be used for two purposes on Cisco devices to filter traffic,
and to identify traffic.
ACL can be configure inbound and outbound.
Two types of configure Access lists
Named and Numbered
–IP standard access list 1-99
–IP extended access list 100-199

166 © Copyright | HP Education

Standard ACLs

• Standard access list based on layer 3 information, it is based on

Source address, it is created on destination Router destination port
as outbound
• Extended access list based on layer3 and layer 4 information it is
based Source address as Source port as inbound

167 © Copyright | HP Education

Thank
you