Distribution Boards

& Protection Devices

Keith Sunderland BE, Dip Eng, MIEI, ACIBSE
Dublin Institute of Technology,
Department of Electrical Services Engineering

3-phase Supply








Division or balancing of Loads
Balanced phases
Transformer Sizing implications
Cable sizing implications
Neutral Current implication

Advantages of a 3-Phase System:
Dual Voltage
Machine physicality's
Rotational Magnetic Fluxes in Machines
Transmission implications
Distribution Boards
A Distribution Board is described in the ETCI Rules
for Electrical Installations (ET101: 2000) as an
assembly of protective devices, including two or
more fuses or circuit breakers, arranged for the
distribution of electrical energy to final circuits or to
other distribution boards.

A distribution board will consist of a suitable
enclosure containing suitable facilities for mounting
fuses and/or circuit breakers and other protective
devices (such as residual current circuit
breakers/devices which may, or may not, provide
integral overcurrent protection) and other switching
and control devices. A distribution board will also
contain busbars for interconnecting the circuit
breakers or fuses along with neutral and earth bars
for connecting the incoming and outgoing neutral
conductors and protective conductors. This
enclosure may be either of metal clad or all
insulated type of construction.
Distribution Boards
The diagram above illustrates a typical 12-
position UK distribution panel. It is likely that the
manufacturer produces 18 and 24-position
versions of this panel using the same chasis
which explains why there appears to be so much
unused space.
Distribution Boards
Protection/ Location of Distribution Boards
[ET 101: 2000: 538.1, I.S. EN60439]

Shall be protected against dust, moisture, corrosive or
polluting substances, excessive temperatures, impact,
vibration and other mechanical stresses.

Shall be readily accessible and not located over
cooking or heating appliances, in bathrooms,
washrooms or WCs, in storage or airing cupboards,
under staircases or where it might be covered by
garments.

Shall not be located in an escape route such as a
stairway or corridor unless supplementary fire
precaution measures are provided. This does not
apply to single occupancy buildings.

Shall not be located above or below, or within 400mm
horizontally from a gas meter or a gas appliance in the
same space.

Shall be protected against damage arising from a fault
in other services achieved by the use of barriers or by
separation.

The Ingress Protection (IP) rating scheme is an
internationally recognised system of denoting the degree
of protection afforded by various products against
Access to hazardous parts and
Harmful ingress of water.
Distribution Boards
Connections
[ET 101: 2000: 538.1, I.S. EN60439]
The phase conductors of each two or three phase circuit shall
be connected to the same way in a multi-way distribution
board.
1st Phase Brown [must be brown]
2nd Phase Black
3rd Phase Grey
Neutral and protective conductors shall be arranged in the
same sequence as the corresponding phase conductors.

Identification & Marking:
[ET 101: 2000: 514-4 & 515-1-2]
Protective devices shall be arranged and identified so that the
circuits protected may be easily recognised (this being
facilitated by labels or other suitable means of identification
no possibility of confusion).
Record sheets including diagrams and tables shall be
available indicating:
types of wiring
size of conductors
rating of protective devices
points supplied
information identifying protection, isolation and switching devices
and their locations.
Graphical symbols used shall comply with IEC Publication
60617 (Annex 51B ETCI)
A distribution board not provided with a back plate shall not
be mounted directly on a combustible surface. A separating
material with a flammability rating of FH1 shall be used. These
include:
plaster board complying with the appropriate standard
hardwood such as teak, oak, elm and mahogany.
If the mounting surface is of metal it shall be bonded to the
protective conductor or to the bonding conductor of the installation.
Ingress Protection
Overcurrents ET101:2000

Overload:
An overload current is where too much
current is drawn down an electrically healthy
circuit e.g. too many appliances are plugged
in; there is no fault in the circuit. A properly
designed circuit will interrupt an overload
before any damage is done to the circuit.

Short Circuits
This is where a fault of negligible impedance
(resistance) occurs between live
conductors. The value of current, which will
flow, will depend on where the fault occurs.
Longer runs of cable, particularly smaller
cables have a significant attenuating effect
on fault current.

Overcurrents
Consumer
Load
Fuse
Fault C
Fault B
Fault A
230V
ESB Supply
The fault level, sometimes known as the
prospective short circuit (I
k
) is a
significant factor when selecting
protective devices particularly circuit
breakers.
The short circuit current at a particular
point in an installation is dependent
upon:
The circuit voltage
The total impedance of the circuit
including the supply transformer

Overcurrents
Breaking Capacity :
The purpose of determining the short circuit
current at a point in an installation is to
determine the Breaking Capacity in kA of the
protective device situated at that point

Energy let through in the event of a short
circuit is described in terms of:
Pre-arcing Energy:
Energy required to melt the fuse element
Arcing Energy
Energy required (post pre-arcing energy) to
extinguish the resulting arc

Overcurrents
The total let through energy is proportional to
the energy dissipation during the pre-arcing and
arcing intervals and is referred to as the I
2
t
characteristic of the fuse/protective device.

Prospective short
circuit current
T2 T1
Time
Current
Fuses
Types of Fuses:

VDE 0635 DZ type fuse:
This is a cartridge type fuse available in four body sizes D1, D11,
D111 and DIV
Current ratings from 2 Amps up to 100 Amps.
The D1 size is no longer acceptable in this country but may still be
found in very old installations.
Breaking capacity up to 60kA.

VDE 0636 NEOZED or DO type fuse:
This is also a cartridge type fuse available in three body sizes D01,
D02 and D03
Current ratings from 2 up to 100Amps.
Breaking capacity up to 50kA.

VDE 0636 NH type fuse:
Breaking capacity of 120kA.
They are not designed for replacement by unqualified personnel
They are available in ratings up to 1250Amps.

BS 1361 fuse:
This is a cartridge fuse available in ratings from 5 to 60 Amps.
They are most commonly used in domestic and similar installations
and in supply authority cut-outs.
They have a breaking capacity of r16.5kA which is adequate for
most domestic installation.


High Rupturing Capacity (HRC)
Fuses
Overload zone in the
element precise amount
of metal with a low boiling
point (usually tin). Here the
metallurgical phenomenon
known as the M-effect is
utilised
Ceramic
Body
Reduced cross
sections
Quartz
filler
Fixing
Lug
Silver
Element
End
cap
The BS88 HRC fuse consists of a specially shaped silver element
totally enclosed in a heat proof body which is filled with very fine
grains of quartz. The quartz holds the element in place - even
while melting - ensures rapid arc extinction. The element is
connected to two tinned brass end caps incorporating fixing lugs
as shown above

Advantages of HRC Fuses

Operation is very rapid

Capable of breaking very high fault currents
safely

Declared current rating is very accurate

Element does not weaken with age

Capable of discriminating between a persistent
fault and a transient fault such as the starting of
a large inductive motor

Different ratings are made to different physical
sizes hence they are difficult to interchange

Fuse Characteristics
For a fuse to satisfactorily protect a cable, its characteristic
must match, as closely as possible, the heating characteristic
of the cable.

This means that fuses have an inverse time characteristic, i.e.
the larger the over current, the faster the blowing time of the
fuse.

Fuse characteristics are drawn on log/log scale as this
enables a wide range of currents along with a wide range of
time intervals to be charted


Inverse time
characteristic
Fusing
Current
Rated
Current
I2 In
I2 I1
t2
t1
Prospective short
circuit current (Amps)
Time
(Seconds)
Fuse Characteristics:
Discrimination
Discrimination:
In a correctly
designed
installation, in the
event of a fault,
the fuse nearest to
the fault should
interrupt the circuit
before any other
device has a
chance of
interrupting it. This
is known as
discrimination.
X
A B C
Y
Z
Prospective short
circuit current (Amps)
Time
(Seconds)
Fuse Characteristics:
Discrimination
As Fuse characteristics will have tolerances
associated with their manufacture, it is not
possible to rely on Inverse time/current
characteristics to design for discrimination.

It is necessary to use I
2
t characteristics
Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are divided into three main
types:

Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)

Moulded Case Circuit Breakers(MCCBs)

Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs)

From Supply
Transformer to
Final Circuits, i.e.
decreasing
breaking capacity
Circuit Breakers
Single line diagram illustrating the
sequence in which CBs are employed
10kV Supply
Miniature Circuit Breakers
(MCBs)
Miniature Circuit Breakers
(MCBs)
Categories of MCBs:

MCBs manufactured to IS/EN 60898 (IEC 689)
are of three types; B,C, D.

MCBs manufactured to IS/EN 60898 (VDE
0641) are of two types; L and G

MCB Overcurrent detection:
Thermal Tripping
Magnetic Tripping
MCB Characteristics
Thermal tripping:
In this type of tripping mechanism the current is passed through a
bimetal strip connected in series with a magnetic coil.

Magnetic tripping:
When a short circuit occurs, the heavy current in the magnetic coil
produces a strong magnetic field which instantly opens the breaker

Arc Extinction:
facilitated by guiding the arc (via self-induced magnetic fields) on
splitter plates
facilitated by guiding the arc (via self-induced magnetic fields) on
splitter plates (as illustrated in figure 7). The V-shaped metal
splitter plates increase the length of the arc, splits it up, cools it
and d-ionises it
Time
(Seconds)
Prospective short
circuit current (Amps)
Time delay trip on
overload
Instantaneous operation
on short ciruict
MCB Characteristics
Thermal-Magnetic Tripping
Arc Extinction
Advantages of MCBs over
Fuses
Advantages of MCBs :
Tripped MCB readily identified even in darkness

Cannot be switched back on while fault exists trip
free mechanism

Enables supply to be restored immediately and
easily even by untrained personnel

Accepted as a circuit isolator

Locking devices can be attached for maintenance
purposes

Do not normally require replacement

Single phasing of motors is not an issue

Do not age in service

Tamperproof

Residual Current Devices
(RCDs)
There are two main reasons why RCDs are
used:

i. To comply with the ETCI rules for electrical
installations.

i. To provide additional and a higher level of
protection than that given by direct earthing,
against electric shock and also against fire risk
caused by earth leakage currents. Where fuses
and miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are the only
means of earth fault protection, it is possible for
earth fault currents to flow undetected and cause
fire risk (or touch voltage problems).

i. The use of an RCD will prevent the flow of a
sustained leakage current above the sensitivity of
the RCD thus greatly reducing shock and fire risk.
Red's should disconnect all live conductors in the
protected circuits in the event of earth leakage
current flowing.

Residual Current Devices
(RCDs)
Terms associated with RCDs:

RCCB:
Residual Current Circuit Breaker used in
distribution boards to protect individual or
groups of circuits

RCBO:
Residual Circuit Breaker with overcurrent
protection. This is a
combined MCB/RCD and provides overload,
short circuit and earth fault protection in one
unit

SRCD:
Socket outlet with combined RCD

PRCD:
This is a portable RCD unit with an inbuilt plug
top and socket
outlet


Residual Current Devices
(RCDs)
LOAD
Relay
Neutral
Phase
Detection Coil
Test Button
Earthed
Metalwork
Amplifier
Magnetic Core
L1
L3
L2
Test Resistor
LOAD
Trip Relay
Neutral
Detection Coil
Test Button
Single Phase RCD
Three Phase RCD
Residual Current Devices
(RCDs)
Discrimination between RCDs:

The time-current characteristic of the device on
the supply side shall lie completely above the
operating time-current characteristic on the load
side

The rated residual operating current of the
device located on the supply side shall be
higher than that of the device on the load side

Selective operation may also be achieved by
means of time-delay devices

Residual Current Devices
(RCDs)
Nuisance Tripping:

Sudden surge of overcurrent

Voltage spikes/transients

Inbuilt electronic circuit to protect against such
tripping.


Planning Main Switch Boards
The following information is recommended
when determining the size and layout of
equipment to be used in a main switchboard:

Schedule of all loads (Max demand per phase)

Phase balancing of single phase loads

Application of diversity

Single line block diagram is required

Current rating of each item of equipment is
included on the block diagram

Scaled drawing of the proposed switchboard
should be prepared
Planning Main Switch Boards
Diversity is applied in an installation when
determining the values of load current that are likely
to be used.
Diversity is based on assumption that all of the
connected load current will not be used
simultaneously.
E.g. thermostatically controlled devises/equipment
and time switch controlled loads are unlikely to
demand full loads at all times.
When determining the current ratings of switchgear
diversity can be applied, which will enable a savings
to be made in the sizes of cables and in the current
ratings of the switchgear. This saves on both cost
and spaces
Diversity is based on the relationship, therefore,
between the total load current that is available and
the assumed load current demand of an installation.


Table A31-A Annex 31 A in the ETC/Riles and
Table J1 of the IEE Guidance Notes on the
Selection and Erection of Main Switchgear (more
comprehensive guidance)