Telecommunications and

Computer networks

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Telecommunication

Communication of information by electronic

means over some distance

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Telecommunication Components
 Computers
 to process information

 Input output devices

 to send or receive data

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Telecommunication Components
 Communications channels
 links between sending and
receiving devices to transmit data

 use various transmission media

 telephone lines, coaxial cables, twisted wire

cables, fiber optic cables, and wireless

media
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Telecommunication Components
 communications processes
 modems, multiplexes, NICs
 provide support functions

 communications software
 control communication

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Twisted wire cables

 consisted of pairs of twisted copper wire

 used for both analogue and digital
transmission
 low in cost
 low in transmission speed

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Twisted wire cables
Useful for local and wide are networks

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Coaxial Cable

 A thick insulated copper wire

 Can transmit large volumes of data quickly

 Faster and more interference free medium

 Speed up to 200MB per second

 Cannot support analogue phone

conversations
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Coaxial Cable

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Fiber optic cable
 Consists of strands of clear glass fiber

 Has the thickness of a human hair

 Data are transformed into pulses of light

 Rate 500kb – several trillion bit per second

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Fiber optic cable

 Faster lighter and more durable than wire

media

 Suitable to transfer large volumes of data

 More expensive

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Fiber optic cable
 Difficult to work with
 Harder to install
 Used for backbone cabling
 that handle the major traffic
 a primary path

 No delays and no degradation in quality

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Fiber optic cable

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Wireless transmission
 Sends signals through air or space

 Technologies include
 microwave transmission
 communication satellites
 pagers
 cellular phones
 smart phones
 PDAs
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Microwave
Wireless transmission
 High frequency radio signals are transmitted trough the

atmosphere from one terrestrial transmission station to another

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Microwave

 A high volume

 long distance

 point – to – point transmission method

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Smart phone
 Wireless phone with
 voice
 text and
 internet capabilities

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Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 Small
 pen –based
 handheld computer with
 built in wireless telecommunications

Wireless networks and devices can be

more expensive, slower and more error
prone

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Bandwidth
 The capacity of a communications channel

 Number of bits transmitted per second

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Communications Networks

 Different ways to organize communications

Networks and components

 Can be classified as their

 components are arranged (topologies)
 geographical scope

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 Network Topologies

 Star

 Bus

 Ring

A topology is a method of arranging networks

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Star Network
 Number of computers are connected to a central
computer
 A hub
 Switch

Special purpose computers

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Star Network
 All communications must pass through the
central computer, the traffic controller

 central computer stop functioning

 network down

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Star Network

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Bus Network

 All the computers are connected to a single

circuit - a line

 Signals are broadcasted in both directions to

the entire Network

 If one computer fails no other computer fails

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Bus Network

 can handle only one message at a time

 degrade performance at high traffic volum

 Collisions may occur

 messages has to be re – sent

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Bus Network

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Ring Network

 All computers are linked by a close loop

 Computer to computer message transmitting

 following a single direction
 Each computer operate independently
 If one fails no interruption to the others

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Ring Network

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Geographic scope classification

LAN WAN

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Local Area Networks (LANs)

 Link local resources

 computers and terminals
 Printers and Scanners, etc
 Files and programs

in the same department or building of a firm

Sharing local resources
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Local Area Networks (LANs)

 Encompasses a limited distance

 usually one building or several buildings in
close proximity

 Mostly within 2000 foot radius

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Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Link computers and computer controlled
machines in a factory

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Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Often controlled and operated by
 end user groups or
 departments in a firm

 Require own communications channels

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Network Operating System (NOS)

 Software that

 manages communications
 coordinate Network resources

on the network

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WAN

 Span over broad geographical distance

 Ranging from
 several miles to
 entire continents

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

 May consists of
 a combination of
 switched and dedicated lines

 variety of
 cable
 satellite and
 microwave technologies

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WAN

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Other Network Services
Circuit switching

 A direct connection
 between two nodes in a Network
 For the duration of the transmission

must be maintained

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Packet switching

 Breaks up a lengthy block of data into small

fixed bundles called packets

Data bits
Address and packet number bits
Error checking bits
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Packet switching
 A packet may contain
 data bits
 error checking bits
 and destination address specifying bits

Divided into separate sections

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Packet switching

 Packets can be routed

 in different paths

 in different communication channels

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Packet switching

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Types of signals
Analogue signal

 A continuous waveform that passes through a

communications medium
 Used for voice communication

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Analogue signal

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Types of signals
A digital signal

 A discreet waveform

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Modem

 Convert analogue signals into digital signals

and vice versa

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