POWER GENERATION

PROCESS AT NHPC
PRESENTED BY:
PIYUSH KUMAR PAREEK
KULDEEP MALAV
JAIKISHAN LAKHIWAL
INTRODUCTION TO NHPC
NHPC Limited (Formerly National Hydroelectric Power Corporation) (BSE: 533098, NSE: NHPC) is an
Indian Hydro Power Generation company that was incorporated in the year 1975 with an investment
base of 3,87, 180 million.
NHPC is among the top ten companies in India in terms of investment. Department of Public Enterprise,
Govt. of India recently conferred prestigious Miniratna status to NHPC.
Till date NHPC has 19 working projects with a total installed capacity of 5987KW.
Expanded to thermal, wind, solar power plants.
86.36% government shares & 13.64% public.
Baira Suil Power station in Salooni Tehsil of Chamba district was the first project undertaken by NHPC.




OVERVIEW OF CHAMERA POWER STATION
STAGE II
The CPSll is built on river Ravi district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.
Total installed capacity of 300MW produced from 3 units of 100MW each
OPERATIONAL BASICS
PARTS OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Dam: The dam is made on a river to collect water.
Surge shaft: Surge shaft is a vertical tank used to hold water in order to withstand the back pressure of
water in the case of any abrupt stop to the water during maintenance or any other causes.
Penstock: Penstock is a vertical tube that carries water from the head race tunnel to the powerhouse. It
is generally a vertical pipe which imparts most of the head to the water.
Powerhouse: The powerhouse is the main facility of a hydro-electric power plant. It holds the turbine
and generator in it.
Draft tube: It is a water conduit which maintains a column of water from the turbine outlet to the
downstream water level, which can be straight or curved depending upon the turbine installation.
Tail race tunnel: It is the downstream channel that carries water away from a dam or powerhouse.


LAYOUT AND MEASUREMENTS
Gross head: 267m
Nett head: 243
DAM
A dam is a barrier impounded on a river with the basic purpose to collect or retain water.
A dam is made at the narrow section of the river.
The dam at CPSll is a concrete gravity type dam.
It is a Run-of-the-river small pondage dam.
The dam has a total width of 118.5 meters of which 60 meters is occupied by the gates only.
4 radial gates with height 21 metres height.
Water height 39 meters.


A view of Dam
RADIAL GATES
FLAP GATE


AFTER THE DAM.

MAIN INLET VALVE
It is a spherical valve between the penstock and spiral casing of runner.
Opening and closing of it is done by single acting servo motor.
Before opening and closing of spherical valve, the pressure at both sides should be equal.

FRANCIS TURBINE
It is a reaction turbine developed by an English born American Engineer, Sir J.B. Francis.
The water enters the turbine through the outer periphery of the runner in the radial direction and
leaves the runner in the axial direction, and hence it is called mixed flow turbine.
A Francis turbine is suitable for medium heads (45 to 400 m) and requires a relatively large quantity of
water.

TURBINE
Supplier Alstom
Type Francis
Power 102 MW
Max turbine output 112.2 MW
Net head 243 M
Speed 300 RPM

PARTS OF FRANCIS TURBINE
SPIRAL CASING :- The fluid enters from the penstock to a spiral casing which completely surrounds the
runner. The cross-sectional area of this casing decreases uniformly along the circumference to keep the
fluid velocity constant in magnitude along its path towards the stay vane/guide vane .
STAY VANES :- This spiral case is welded to the stay ring around which the water is uniformly distributed.
The purpose of stay vanes (20) in stay ring is to give direction of water flow .
GUIDE VANES(WICKED GATE):- Function of guide vanes is to maintain the flow of inlet water for varying
load as per demand. There are 20 nos. wicket gates, installed between Head cover and Bottom ring. Water
passes through spiral casing to runner blades through wicket gates. All wicket gates are fixed with head
cover through mobile thrust collar assembly. No. of wicked gate is 20 in this plant.
RUNNER :- Its main function is to utilize the kinetic energy of water. When the water hits the blades of
runner, the runner starts rotating and as the shaft is coupled with rotor so, rotor also starts rotating in the
same direction to convert its kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Runner is connected to Generator rotor through turbine shaft and intermediate shaft. Water coming from
spiral casing strikes to 20 nos. turbine runner blades. Due to which runner rotates and finally rotates the
Generator rotor.

TURBINE BEARING
The turbine guide bearings are the bearings which supports the shaft and reduces its vibration apart
from basic bearing functions. Three types of turbine bearings are:
UPPER GUIDE BEARING: The upper guide bearing is located above the rotor.
THRUST BEARING: thrust bearing is located below the runner.
LOWER GUIDE BEARING: located below the runner.
Based on the position of Thrust bearing, this arrangement is called semi-umbrella type.

LABYRINTH
There will always be a gap between the runner and the turbine covers. Water leaking through these
gaps will cause reduced efficiency since it will not be utilized by the runner.
Labyrinth are the zig-zag lines which lets the water flow through it and reduces the pressure from 25
bar to 5-6 bar.
After the pressure is reduced the further stopping of water is done by means of shaft seal which are
radial type carbon rings.

CAVITATION
Cavitation is formation of bubbles of water when the static pressure is less than the vapor pressure.
When these bubbles come into the high pressure region they explode and when this happen near the
metal surface it damages the turbine.

DRAFT TUBE
Draft tube is a divergent tube one end of which is connected to the outlet of the turbine and other end
is immersed well below the tailrace (Water level).
The major function of the draft tube is to increase the pressure from the inlet to outlet of the draft tube
as it flows through it and hence increase it more than atmospheric pressure.
The other function is to safely discharge the water that has worked on the turbine to tailrace.
The draft tube at CPSll is elbow type which provides horizontal passage to the tail race.
GENERATOR
Generator is the device that converts the mechanical energy of turbine shaft into electrical energy.
It has a rotor and stator.
Rotor: Rotor carries field windings, connected to an external DC source via slip rings and brushes or to
revolving DC source via a special brushless configuration.
Stator: Stator carries 3 (3-phase) armature windings, AC, physically displaced from each other by 120
degrees.
The generator at CPSll generates power at 11KV.
TRANSFORMER
Step-up transformers are used in chamera-2.
10 transformers including one standby are used to step-up Generator voltage of 11KV to 400KV.
One of the key concerns in the transmission of electricity is the power loss in transmission lines,
dissipated as heat due to the resistance of the conductors.
Assume the power to be transmitted is P, and the resistance of the transmission line is R.
If the power is transmitted with voltage V, then the current flow through the transmission line is I=P/V.
The power loss P
loss
=I
2
*R= (P/V)
2
*R
Since P and R are fixed conditions, less power will be lost if high voltages V are used.

THANK YOU!