UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 1

Week 6 Functions (2)

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 2
Outline
Recall - sample application
functions that do not return value
functions that return a value
Recall global variable vs. local variable
Passing parameters in functions :- Pass by value
Functions that return more than one value
Sample application-functions that return more than one value
Passing parameters in functions :- Pass by reference
Sample application
Recursive function
3
Sample application
Write a C program that reads item code and quantity,
then calculates the payment. Use functions:
menu print item code menu
determine_price determine price based on
item code
calc - calculate payment
print_result print payment
Think!! Which
function returns no
value and which
function returns a
value.
What argument
names do I want
to feed in as
parameters and
what to return??
EKT120: Computer Programming 4
Sample application
#include <stdio.h>

void menu();
float determine_price(int);
float calc(float,int);
void print_result(float);

int main()
{ int code,qty;
float price,pay;
menu();
printf("Enter item code and quantity: ");
scanf("%d %d", &code,&qty);
price = determine_price(code);
pay = calc(price,qty);
print_result(pay);
return 0;
}

UniMAP SemII-09/10 5
Code Item Price
1 Papaya 1.00
2 Melon 2.00
3 Durian 3.00
Others 4.00
Enter item code and quantity: 1 3
Payment is 3.00
***************************
Code Item Price
1 Papaya 1.00
2 Melon 2.00
3 Durian 3.00
Others 4.00
Enter item code and quantity: 9 3
Payment is 12.00

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 6
Global Variable vs. Local Variable
#include <stdio.h>
void menu();
float determine_price(int);
float calc(float,int);
void print_result(float);
int code,qty;float price,pay;
int main()
{
menu();
printf("Enter item code and quantity:");
scanf("%d %d", &code,&qty);
price= determine_price(code);
pay=calc(price,qty);
print_result(pay);
return 0;
}
void menu( )
{
printf("Code\tItem\tPrice\n");
printf("1\tPapaya\t1.00\n");
printf("2\tMelon\t2.00\n");
printf("3\tDurian\t3.00\n");
printf("\tOthers\t4.00\n");
}
float determine_price(int code)
{
code--;
switch(code)
{
case 1:price=1.00;break;
case 2:price=2.00;break;
case 3:price=3.00;break;
default:price=4.00;
}
return(price);
}
float calc(float price,int quantity)
{
pay=pay+1;
pay=price*quantity;
return(pay);
}
void print_result(float pay)
{ printf("Payment is %.2f\n", pay);
}

Output:
Code Item Price
1 Papaya 1.00
2 Melon 2.00
3 Durian 3.00
Others 4.00
Enter item code and quantity: 1 4
Payment is 16.00

Output:
Code Item Price
1 Papaya 1.00
2 Melon 2.00
3 Durian 3.00
Others 4.00
Enter item code and quantity: 3 1
Payment is 2.00
modification
However, sometimes we need to do some modifications from inside a function, using global variable
will make things worse!!!
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 7
Pass by Value
If a parameter is passed by value, then the
value of the original data is copied into the
functions parameter (scope: local variable(s))
In other words, it (i.e. local variable) has its
own copy of the data
changes to copy do not change original
data
During program execution, it (i.e. local
variable) will manipulate the data stored in its
own memory space
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 8
Pass by Value (Example)
#include <stdio.h>
void fun1(int,int); //function prototype
int main(void)
{
int a=5, b=10;
printf("Before fun 1\n);
printf(" a = %d b = %d\n, a,b);
fun1(a, b); //function call
printf("\nAfter fun 1\n);
printf(" a = %d b = %d\n, a,b);
return 0;
}

void fun1(int aa,int bb) //function definition
{
aa++;
bb--;
printf("\n\nInside fun 1\n)";
printf("aa = %d bb = %d\n, aa,bb);
}
Output
Before fun 1
a = 5 b = 10


Inside fun 1
aa = 6 bb = 9


After fun 1
a = 5 b = 10


UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 9
Functions that return more
than one value
When we talk about functions that
return more than one value it also
means that we want to pass arguments
by reference
passes addresses (references), NOT value
or data
allows direct manipulation
changes will affect original data

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 10
Functions that return more
than one value
There are cases where you need to
manipulate the value of an external
variable from inside a function, thus we
pass the value by reference
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 11
Sample application
Write a C program that calculates and
prints average of 2 test marks.
Your program should have functions:
read read 2 test marks
calc_avg calculate average of two test
marks
print - print average
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 12
Sample application
#include <stdio.h>
void read_marks(float*,float*);
float calc_avg(float,float);
void print(float);

int main(void)
{
float marks1, marks2, avg;

read_marks(&marks1,&marks2);
avg = calc_avg(marks1,marks2);
print(avg);
return 0;
}

void read_marks(float *m1,float *m2)
{

printf("Enter marks for test1 and test2 : ");
scanf("%f %f", m1,m2); //notice no &
}

float calc_avg(float m1, float m2)
{
return((m1 + m2)/2);
}

void print(float average)
{
printf("\nAverage marks are :%.2f\n",average);
}

Output
Enter marks for test1 and test2 : 70 80
Average marks are : 75.00
Function that returns
more than one value -
arguments are passed by
reference
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 13
Pass by Reference
A functions parameter that receives the location (memory address) of
the corresponding actual variables
When we attach * (star) after the arg_type in the parameter list of a
function, then the variable following that arg_type is passed by
reference
It stores the address of the actual variable, NOT the value
During program execution to manipulate the data, the address stored
will direct control to the memory space of the actual variable
Syntax:
In function protoype and function definition, put the * (star) after the data
type
Example : void read_marks(float *,float *);
In function call, put the &(ampersand) before the argument name to be
passed by reference
Example : read_marks(&marks1,&marks2);

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 14
Pass by Reference
Pass by reference is useful in two situations:
when you want to return more than one
value from a function
when the value of the actual parameter
needs to be changed
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 15
Sample application
Write a C program that reads character and
calculates numbers of vowel and consonant
Your program should have function:
read read character
find_count_vc determine and calculate
number of vowel or consonant
print - print number of vowel or consonant

16
Sample application
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
char read();
void find_count_vc(char, int*, int*);
void print(int,int);
int main()
{ char ch, choice; int count_v=0,count_c=0;
do
{ ch = read();
find_count_vc(ch, &count_v, &count_c);
printf("Do you want to continue? ");
scanf("%c", &choice);
getchar();
}while((choice == 'y') ||(choice =='Y'));
print(count_v,count_c);
return 0;
}

char read()
{ char ch1;
printf("Enter character : ");
scanf("%c", &ch1);
getchar();
return(ch1);
}

void find_count_vc(char ch1, int *vowel, int *consonant)
{
switch(ch1)
{ case 'A':
case 'a':
case 'E':
case 'e':
case 'I':
case 'i':
case 'O':
case 'o':
case 'U':
case 'u': *vowel = *vowel +1;break;
default: *consonant = *consonant + 1;
}
}

void print(int vowel, int consonant)
{
printf("Number of vowel : %d\n", vowel);
printf("Number of consonant : %d\n", consonant);
}
Enter character : f
Do you want to continue?y
Enter character : I
Do you want to continue?y
Enter character : k
Do you want to continue?n
Number of vowel : 1
Number of consonant : 2
Functions that return
more than one value i.e.
arguments are passed by
reference
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 17
Pass by Reference (Example)
#include <stdio.h>
void fun1(int, int*); //function prototype
int main(void)
{
int a=5,b=10;
printf("Before fun 1\n);
printf("a = %d b = %d,a,b);
fun1(a, &b); //function call
printf(\n\nAfter fun 1\n);
printf("a = %d b = %d\n,a,b);
return 0;
}
void fun1(int aa, int * bb) //function definition
{
aa++;
*bb--;
printf("\n\nInside fun 1\n);
printf("aa = %d bb = %d,aa,bb);
}

Output
Before fun 1
a=5 b = 10

Inside fun 1
aa = 6 bb = 9

After fun 1
a = 5 b = 9

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 18
Recursive Functions
Recursion is a term describing functions which are called by
themselves (functions that call themselves)
Recursive function has two parts i.e. base case and not base
case
If not base case, the function breaks the problem into a slightly
smaller, slightly simpler, problem that resembles the original
problem and
Launches a new copy of itself to work on the smaller
problem, slowly converging towards the base case
Makes a call to itself inside the return statement
Eventually the base case gets solved and then that value works
its way back up to solve the whole problem
Recursion is very useful in mathematical calculations and in
sorting of lists
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 19
Recursive Functions
Example: factorial
n! = n * ( n 1 ) * ( n 2 ) * * 1
Recursive relationship:
( n! = n * ( n 1 )! )
5! = 5 * 4!
4! = 4 * 3!
Base case (1! = 0! = 1)
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 20
Recursive Functions(Example)
Factorial

Factorial(4)
4 * Factorial(3)
3 * Factorial(2)
2 * Factorial(1)
1
Value 1 is returned
2 * 1 = 2 is returned
3 * 2 = 6 is returned
4 * 6 = 24 is returned
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 21
Recursive Functions(Example)



#include <stdio.h>
int Factorial(int);

void main()
{
int n=4;
printf(Factorial %d is %d,n, Factorial(n));
}

int Factorial(int n)
{
if(n <= 1) //base case
return 1;
else
return ( n * Factorial(n-1));
}

Call function
name itself

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 22
Recursive Functions (Example)
Fibonacci series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8...
Each number is the sum of two previous numbers
Example of a recursive formula:
fib(n) = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 23
Recursive Functions (Example)
Diagram of Fibonacci function:
f( 3 )

f( 1 )

f( 2 )

f( 1 )

f( 0 )

return 1

return 1

return 0

return

+

+

return

UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 24
Recursive Functions (Example)
Sample code for fibonacci function
long fibonacci( long n )
{
if ( n == 0 || n == 1 ) //base case
return n;
else
return fibonacci( n - 1 ) +
fibonacci( n 2 );
}
UniMAP SemII-09/10 EKT120: Computer Programming 25
End Week 6 Functions (2)
Q & A!