Induction Cooking Theory and Operation Part III

Resonant Circuits
.
I
C
CMD1
0V
+
V1
100V
L1
1mH
C1
1uF
R1
20
A
0.000ms 0.200ms 0.400ms 0.600ms 0.800ms 1.000ms
200.0 V
175.0 V
150.0 V
125.0 V
100.0 V
75.00 V
50.00 V
25.00 V
0.000 V
A: cmd1_1
D1
DIODE
S1
C1
1uF
L1
1mH
+
V1
100V
.
I
C
CMD1
0V
R1
20
Inverter Circuits
Single Switch
Two Switch Inverter
Four Switch Inverter
Compared efficiencies
The efficiency is the ratio that exists between
consumed energy (gas or electricity) and
energy converted into heat. Large differences
exist between induction, range-top appliance,
and other cooking modes. These efficiencies
may vary depending on the diameter and
quality of the container used.
Exceptional high speed
Thanks to the available power and
high efficiency, this hob is much
more rapid than an electrical or gas
hob. Time necessary to increase
the temperature of two litres of
water from 20C to 95C:
Savings : Removing the container from a source is sufficient to stop the cooking
immediately, there is no energy waste. As long as there is no container on a source,
the source does not heat, the power indicator lights are flashing. This hob consumes
thus much less energy than hobs fitted with traditional gas or electricity hobs.
Information
Very flexible to use, it reacts instantaneously to controls. The power available on
a source can vary from 50 to 2800 W (and more in certain cases!)
Safety
The induction principle makes that
heat is produced directly in the
container. The temperature of the
glass top is much lower and risk of
burn is reduced, especially for
children. Return to 60C after
boiling of one litre of water:
THE SAUCEPANS
- Compatible containers
Induction requires appropriate saucepans. As cooking is performed by magnetic
field, conductive materials are necessary. A simple means is
used to check whether an implement is compatible or not: A magnet should
stick to the bottom.
During cooking, some pans can emit some noise (jangling). This is normal and
due to the magnetic field. There is no risk, neither for the hob, nor for the pan.
The containers compatible with the induction are:
Containers in enamelled steel with or without non-stick coating.
- Advantages:
Compatibility guaranteed with induction (good efficiency)
Low noise.
Wide range of cooking possible.
- Disadvantages:
Worse heat distribution pan diameters < 230mm.
Cleaning is more difficult.
Bad reaction if the pan is empty bottom distortion, possible breaking of
the enamel
Cast-iron containers with or without enamelled bottom.
- Advantages :
Compatibility guaranteed with induction (good efficiency)
Good heat distribution (with low cooking power).
Reduced noise of the pan.
Easy cleaning
Good to cook lovingly
- Disadvantages :
The non enamelled bottom may scratch the glass.
Bad reaction if the pan is empty Cast iron doesnt move but can break.
Please note: Do a preheating systematically before a full power cooking
Certain containers in stainless steel: multilayer stainless steel, ferritic
stainless steel. Most
stainless steel containers are suitable if they pass the magnet test. (Saucepans,
stew pots, frying pans, deep fryers...).
- Advantages :
Very good heat distribution (For the pan with a stuck bottom).
Good reaction if the pan is empty --> Stainless steel becomes blue
Easy to clean.
Wide range of cooking.
-Disadvantage :
Bad heat distribution (For the pan without a stuck bottom).
Compatibility is not always guaranteed: Some stainless steels give bad
results.
When the hob recognizes a poor reaction of the pan, the power is
automatically reduced.
Advice: Use an enamelled pan to do some tests
The pan is noisier.
Aluminium containers with special bottoms.
Aluminium containers are used more and more. Unfortunately, the quality
and the thickness of the stainless steel are not always good. Containers with a
thick flat base for uniform cooking have to be decided upon (heat is better
distributed).
Glass, earthenware, ceramic, copper and aluminium containers without
special bottoms are not compatible.
INSTALLATION
Flush mounting
A minimum dimension shall be measured from the wall and sidewalls (back and/or
sides).
Protection of cuts: Chipboards used for making working planes inflate relatively
rapidly in contact with humidity.
Apply to the cut edge a varnish or special glue to protect it from steam or
condensation waters that can rise under the working plane.
A seal ensures water tightness with the working plane. It must be glued under the
hob periphery.
Clips supplied together with the hob are used to fix the hob.
Ventilation
Many after-sales department problems are related to bad ventilation. The induction hob is
fitted with a cooling fan that sucks the air through the rear and discharges it to the front. It is
necessary, during the installation, to scrupulously observe the recommendations provided by
the user manual. Depending on the kitchen layout, the hob will be installed:
Over a furniture with door or with drawer
Over an oven of same brand
Over an oven of other brand
Over a dishwasher
It should not be fitted over a washing machine, refrigerator or a freezer.
2 2
1 1
1
2
2
2
1
1 2
2 1
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1

w
l
w
l
a
l
a
l
R
R
Aluminium has of 2.8 .cm and
r
of 1

Stainless steel 410 has of 62.2 .cm
r
of 1000
149
2
1

R
R
Aluminium has of 2.8 .cm and
r
of 1

Electrical steel has of 47.2 .cm
r
of 4000
260
2
1

R
R
= resistivity;
= permeability of the object;
and
= frequency of the current
flowing through object.

At a 20KHz frequency, and for a steel saucepan (magnetic ferritic

material), the thickness of the saucepan in which the induced currents
flow is approximately 35 m. This allows generating a current in only a
part of the saucepan bottom. The resistance becomes significant and the
heating consequent therein.
For a non-ferritic material, such as aluminium, the thickness is appr.. 590 m,
SKIN EFFECT
Magnetic susceptibility and permeability data for selected materials
Medium
Susceptibility
m

(volumetric SI)
Permeability [H/m] Relative permeability /
0
Magnetic field Frequency max.
Metglas 1.26 1000000
[7]
at 0.5 T 100 kHz
Iron (99.95% pure Fe
annealed in H)
0.25 200000
[8]

Nanoperm 0.1 80000
[9]
at 0.5 T 10 kHz
Mu-metal 2.510
2
20000
[10]
at 0.002 T
Mu-metal 6.310
2
50000
[11]

Cobalt-Iron (high
permeability strip
material)
2.310
2
18000
[12]

Permalloy 8000 1.010
2
8000
[10]
at 0.002 T
Iron (99.8% pure) 6.310
3
5000
[8]

Electrical steel 5.010
3
4000
[10]
at 0.002 T
Ferritic stainless steel
(annealed)
1.2610
3
- 2.2610
3
10001800
[13]

Martensitic stainless steel
(annealed)
9.4210
4
- 1.1910
3
750950
[13]

Ferrite (manganese zinc) >8.010
4
640 (or more) 100 kHz ~ 1 MHz
Ferrite (nickel zinc) 2.010
5
8.010
4
16640
100 kHz ~ 1 MHz
[citation
needed]

Carbon Steel 1.2610
4
100
[10]
at 0.002 T
Nickel 1.2610
4
- 7.5410
4
100
[10]
600 at 0.002 T
Martensitic stainless steel
(hardened)
5.010
5
- 1.210
4
4095
[13]

Austenitic stainless steel 1.26010
6
- 8.810
6
1.0037
[13][14]

[note 1]

Neodymium magnet 1.3210
6
1.05
[15]

Platinum 1.25697010
6
1.000265
Aluminum 2.2210
5[16]
1.25666510
6
1.000022
Wood 1.2566376010
6
1.00000043
[16]

Air 1.2566375310
6
1.00000037
[17]

Concrete (dry) 1
[18]

Vacuum 0 4 10
7
(
0
) 1, exactly
[19]

Hydrogen 2.210
9[16]
1.256637110
6
1.0000000
Teflon 1.256710
6[10]
1.0000
Sapphire 2.110
7
1.256636810
6
0.99999976
Copper
6.410
6

or 9.210
6[16]

1.25662910
6
0.999994
Water 8.010
6
1.25662710
6
0.999992
Bismuth 1.6610
4
1.2564310
6
0.999834
Superconductors 1 0 0
THE OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Analogy with the transformer
An induction hob operates due to the electromagnetic properties of most containers used on
traditional hobs.
one can compare this hob with a transformer of which the secondary winding would have been
shorted. A significant internal current arises therein and causes quick heating.
TRANSFORMER INDUCTION HOB
Magnetic conductor 1 Saucepan
Secondary winding shorted 2 Saucepan
Gap 3 Glass-ceramic plate
Primary winding 4 Inductor
Magnetic conductor 5 Ferrite
Magnetic field 6 Magnetic field
Topology of Power System
Hard Switching
Generally, semiconductor switching devices operate in Hard Switch Mode in
various types of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) DC-DC converters and DC-AC
inverter topologies employed in power systems. In this mode, a specific current
is turned on or off at a specific voltage whenever switching occurs, as shown in
Figure 3. This process results in switching loss. The higher the frequency, the
greater the switching loss, which obstructs efforts to raise the frequency.
Switching loss can be calculated as shown in Equation below. Switching also
causes an EMI problem, because a large amount of di/dt and dv/dt is
generated.

=(1/2)

(
on
+

)
Waveform of a Switching Device
The total amount of energy stored in the circuit during resonance remains unchanged.
This total amount is the same as the amount of energy stored at peak in the conductor or
capacitor.
=2

=(1/)=(2/) []

=(1/2)
2
=
2

2
[] (9)

=(1/2)

2
=(
2
/
2
)
2
=2
2
[]

=
2
(
2

2
)=
2
=
2
/(
0
2
) []
Soft Switching :-Higher energy conversion efficiency at high-frequency switching can be
obtained by manipulating the voltage or current at the moment of switching to become
zero. This is called soft switching, which can be subcategorized into two methods: Zero-
Voltage Switching (ZVS) and Zero-Current Switching (ZCS). ZVS refers to eliminating the
turn-on switching loss by having the voltage of the switching circuit set to zero right
before the circuit is turned on. ZCS avoids the turn-off switching loss by allowing no
current to flow through the circuit right before turning it off. The voltage or current
administered to the switching circuit can be made zero by using the resonance created
by an L-C resonant circuit. This is a Resonant Converter Topology.
Transformer Equivalent Circuit and Maximum Power Transfer for Series Resonant
N
L
RL
Lm
L2 L1
N
L
X
L3
2 2
) ( X L
V
I

X I X P
2
) (
L K where
X K
X V
X P

.. ..... ) (
2 2
2
P(X) is power dissipated as heat which is
Function of resistor X
Power is maximum when X = K
R1 L1 C1
I1
0
0
1

jC
jL

0
is resonant frequency

At resonant frequency parallel combination Of L&C acts as
open circuit and all the current passes through Eddy
resistance Giving maximum power.
R
L C
I
c
I
L
I
R

+
V
c
(0+)
I
0

I
c
= I
L
+ I
R
(1)
= I
C
(t).(4)

sLI
L
(s) LI
0
=V
C
(s).(5)
-sCV
C
(s) CV
0
=I
C
(s)(6)
.(2) .(3)
V
C
(s)/R = I
R
(s).(7)
I
c
(s) = I
L
(s) + I
R
(s)(8) -sCV
C
(s) CV
0
= [LI
0
+ V
C
(s)]/sL + V
C
(s)/R(9)
CV
0
I
0
/s = [sC + 1/R +1/sL] V
C
(s)(10)
sRLCV
0
RLI
0
= [s
2
RLC + sL +R] V
C
(s)(12)
sV
0
I
0
/C = [s
2
+ s/RC +1/LC] V
C
(s)(11)
where 2
0
= 1/RC
sV
0
I
0
/C = [s
2
+ 2
0
s +
2

0
2
+ (1-
2
)
0
2
]VC(s)(13)
sV
0
I
0
/C = [(s +
0
)
2
+ (1-
2
)
0
2
] V
C
(s)(15)
sV
0
I
0
/C = [(s +
0
)
2
+
2
] V
C
(s)(14)
where =
V
0
e
-0t
cost I
0
e
-0t
sint/C = V
C
(t)(16)

0

The Single Ended Parallel Resonant
Converter
The single ended parallel resnant (SEPR)
converter (basic schematic and operating
waveforms are shown in figure 3), consists
primarily of a parallel inductor and capacitor
resonant tank network, formed by Lr and Cr
in the schematic; typically a single
IGBT/Diode Co-pak device, and a small
capacitor, shown as C
f
, placed to help as an
EMI filter and to provide a path, together
with the Diode for the inductors resonant
current flow. The main power source of this
converter is the rectified, but not filtered,
line voltage to achieve near unity power
factor at the mains voltage.
For power levels close to 2.0kW, and for a reasonable IH cooker design,
voltages up to or above 1200V and currents close to 60A
pk
must easily
be supported by the converter as shown in the operating waveforms
figure. A switching frequency control scheme is typically used,
operating from ~20kHz to 60kHz switching frequencies in order to avoid
acoustic noise; starting at the higher frequency for soft start operation
and reaching the maximum power at the lower frequency.
Operating Theory of IH Rice Cooker
Half-Bridge Series Resonant Inverter
Single Switch Quasi-Resonant Inverter
Supervisory Power Supply
Current peak, current phase and alarm
Optimal Switching Waveform with near
Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current turn-on
Over resonant application
with capacitive load
Overvoltage Protection
A serious problem in the single-ended topology is the case of an overvoltage that cannot
be filtered. To reduce the voltage surge a varistor is commonly used, but it does not
absorb the whole energy. To avoid a destruction of the IGBT protection features should
be integrated in the circuit. Also the voltage safety margin of the IGBT should be
chooses high enough to avoid avalanche destruction. To suppress an overvoltage surge
the IGBT can be turned on actively with a series of zener diodes connected to the
collector and the gate. Other possibilities to clamp the collector-emitter voltage are
shown in Fig. below.