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Introduction of Splanchnology

This document provides an overview of splanchnology, which is the study of viscera. It defines the main organ systems studied in splanchnology as the alimentary, respiratory, urinary, and genital systems. Most viscera are located in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities. The document then outlines the general structures and functions of viscera, including tubular organs with four layers and parenchymatous organs with fibrous capsules. Finally, it describes the reference lines used to divide the thorax and abdomen into regions.

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432 views10 pages

Introduction of Splanchnology

This document provides an overview of splanchnology, which is the study of viscera. It defines the main organ systems studied in splanchnology as the alimentary, respiratory, urinary, and genital systems. Most viscera are located in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities. The document then outlines the general structures and functions of viscera, including tubular organs with four layers and parenchymatous organs with fibrous capsules. Finally, it describes the reference lines used to divide the thorax and abdomen into regions.

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Part II

Splanchnology
Chapter 1

The general Description

Li yueying
Department of anatomy
Medical school of xi’an jiaotong university
I. The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology :
alimentary system
respiratory system
urinary system
genital system
• The study of viscera.
• Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and
pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or
peritoneum.
• It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.
II . The main functions of viscera:
• The alimentary system: to ingest foods, secrete enzymes
that modify the sizes of food molecules, absorb the products
of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residues.
• The respiratory system: to carry out the gas exchanges
--- supply oxygen for the living cells and remove carbon
dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.
• The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by
removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes.
It also excretes selected amount of various wastes.
• The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete
some hormones.
III . The general structures of viscera:
1. The tubular organs: The wall of them is formed by 4
layers. from inside to outside, they are:
• Mucosa (mucous membrane)
--- epithelium
--- lamina propria of mucosa
--- muscular layer of mucosa
--- mucous folds
--- lymphoid nodule
--- glands of mucosa
• Submucosa
--- glands of submucosa
--- lymphatic tissue of submucosa
• Muscular coats
--- inner circular layer
--- outer longitudinal layer
• Serosa or adventitia
2. The parenchymatous organs:
--- a soft, grayish-red or brownish mass.
--- fibrous capsule or serous membrane
--- fibrous septum and lobules
--- hilum or porta and root of the viscus
IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions
1. References lines of the thorax:
• Anterior median line
• Sternal line
• Midclavicular line
• Parasternal line
• Anterior axillary line
• Midaxillary line
• Posterior axillary line
• Scapular line
• Para vertebral line
• Posterior median line
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:
• 2 transverse lines :
subcostal line
transtubercular line
• 2 longitudinal lines:
midinguinal lines
• 9 regions:
right and left hypochondriac regions
right and left lumbar （ lateral ） regions
right and left inguinal (iliac) regions
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric (pubic) region
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:
• a transverse line through the umbilicus and a vertical line
in the midline of the body.
• 4 regions:
upper right ( RUQ )
upper left ( LUQ )
lower right ( RLQ )
lower left ( LLQ )

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