Chapter 1.

Introduction to programming and

the Java language
What is Programming?
Basic Computer Concepts
Data Representation
Introduction to Programming Languages
Introduction to Programming
Programming Basics
Program Design with Pseudocode
Developing a Java Application

What is Programming?
Creating an application such as a ticketing kiosk, a
game, a restaurant ordering system or another
business application.
Programming is a science
Many techniques have been developed for
accomplishing basic programming tasks
Software engineering practices insure that the
program is correct and maintainable
Programming is also creative
We get to solve problems
Basic Computer Concepts
Hardware
Central Processing Unit
Memory and Storage Devices
Operating Systems
Application Software
Computer Networks and the Internet
Typical Computer Hardware
CPU
executes the instructions of the program
Hard disk and CD-ROM
store instructions and data so program can be loaded into
memory and executed
Main memory
stores the program instructions and data while executing
Keyboard and mouse
used for data input
Monitor
used to display output from a program
Other accessories, such as a printer
A Typical Design of a Personal Computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit
performs integer arithmetic and logical operations
Floating-point Unit
performs floating-point operations
Hardware registers
store data and memory addresses
Instruction Pointer
keeps track of next instruction to execute
Examples of CPUs:
Intel Pentium dual-core E5400, Oracle Sun SPARC,
Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC, IBM POWER processor
CPU Instructions
Move data from one location to another
Perform a calculation
Compare data
Change the sequence of instructions to
execute (the flow of control)
CPU Speed
Rated in MHz or GHz
In one clock cycle, a CPU
fetches an instruction from memory,
decodes the instruction, or
executes the instruction
Pipelining allows overlap of operations to
improve performance
3.4-Ghz CPU can execute 3.4 billion
instructions per second

Memory or Storage Devices
Memory consists of cells that hold one bit.
A bit's value can be 0 or 1
A byte is 8 binary digits (bits)
Storage capacity is expressed as:
Kilobytes (1,024 bytes)
Megabytes (1,048,576 bytes)
Gigabytes (1,073,741,824 bytes)
Terabytes ( 1.09951 x 10
12
bytes)
Operating System (OS) Software
OS boots when computer is turned on, and runs
continuously
Controls the peripheral devices (disks, keyboard,
mouse, etc.)
Supports multitasking (multiple programs
executing simultaneously)
Allocates memory to each program
Prevents one program from damaging another
program
Examples: Microsoft Windows, Linux, MacOS

Application Software
Written to perform specific tasks
Runs "on top of" the operating system
Examples: word processor, spreadsheet,
database management system, games,
Internet browser, etc.
Computer Networks
Networks connect two or more computers so
they can share files or devices
Local Area Network (LAN)
computers located geographically close to one another
Servers provide services
access to database
downloading of files
email delivery
Clients use these services.
Most desktop computers are clients.
The Internet
A network of networks
Evolved from the ARPANET military research project
Web servers deliver Internet content (web pages)
to clients via a browser.
Web pages are identified using a URL (Uniform
Resource Locator)
Domain Name System (DNS) Servers
translate a URL to an Internet Protocol (IP) address
Data Representation
Binary Numbers
Expressed in base 2 system (two digits are 0
and 1)
Hexadecimal Numbers
Base-16 system used as shorthand for
representing binary numbers
The Unicode Character Set
Used to represent characters
Binary Equivalents of Decimal Numbers
Decimal Binary Equivalent
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0100
7 0111
8 1000
Powers of 2
Decimal Decimal
2
0
1 2
8
256
2
1
2 2
9
512
2
2
4 2
10
1,024
2
3
8 2
11
2,048
2
4
16 2
12
4,096
2
5
32 2
13
8,192
2
6
64 2
14
16,384
2
7
128 2
15
32,768
Decimal (base 10) numbers
A decimal number can be represented as the
sum of powers of 10 (the base) with
coefficients in the base 10 alphabet (0 - 9)

For example:
2485 = 2 * 10
3
+ 4 * 10
2
+ 8 * 10
1
+ 5 * 10
0
2485 = 2 * 1000 + 4 * 100 + 8 * 10 + 5 * 1
2485 = 2000 + 400 + 80 + 5

Converting From Decimal to Binary
Just as a decimal number can be represented as
a sum of powers of 10 (the base) with
coefficients in the base 10 alphabet (0 to 9)
A decimal number can be represented as the
sum of powers of 2 (the base of the binary
system) with coefficients in the base 2
alphabet (0 and 1)
So we need an algorithm to do that
Converting From Decimal to Binary
1. Find the largest power of 2 that is smaller
than or equal to the decimal number
2. Subtract that number from the decimal
number
3. Insert 1 in the binary number for the
position equivalent to that power of 2
4. Repeat 1 - 3, until you reach 0
Example: convert 359 to binary
1. Largest power of 2 that is smaller than 359 is
256 (2
8
)
2. 359 - 256 = 103
so 359 = 2
8
* 1 + 103
1. Largest power of 2 that is smaller than 103 is 64
(2
6
)
2. 103 - 64 = 39
so 359 = 2
8
* 1 + 2
6
* 1 + 39
(continued on next slide)
Example: convert 359 to binary
1. Largest power of 2 that is smaller than 39 is
32 (2
5
)
2. 39 - 32 = 7
so 359 = 2
8
*1 + 2
6
*1 + 2
5
*1 + 7
1. Largest power of 2 that is smaller than 7 is 4
(2
2
)
2. 7 - 4 = 3
so 359 = 2
8
* 1 + 2
6
* 1 + 2
5
* 1 + 2
2
* 1 + 3
(continued on next slide)

Example: convert 359 to binary
1. Largest power of 2 that is smaller than 3 is 2
(2
1
)
2. 3 - 2 = 1
so
359 = 2
8
* 1 + 2
6
* 1 + 2
5
* 1 + 2
2
* 1 + 2
1
* 1 + 1
1. Largest power of 2 that is smaller than or equal
to 1 is 1 (2
0
)
2. 1 - 1 = 0, so we are finished


Our Results
Insert a coefficient of 0 for any missing powers of 2
Thus, 359 =
2
8
*1 + 2
7
*0 + 2
6
*1 + 2
5
*1 + 2
4
*0 + 2
3
*0 + 2
2
*1 + 2
1
*1 + 2
0
*1

Removing powers of 2, we get:
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
or
1 0110 0111

Hexadecimal Numbers
Base-16 number system
Uses digits 0 - 9 and letters A F
For example: C in hex represents 12 in decimal
One hexadecimal digit can express decimal
values from 0 to 15
Thus, one hexadecimal digit can represent 4
bits
Hexadecimal - Binary Equivalents
Hex Binary Hex Binary
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111


Examples
Binary number: 0001 1010 1111 1001
Hex equivalent: 1 A F 9

Binary number: 1011 0011 1011 1110
Hex equivalent: B 3 B E
The Unicode Character Set
Each character is stored as 16-bits
Maximum number of characters that can be
represented: 65,536 (2
16
)
ASCII character set (used by many
programming languages) stores each
character as 7 bits (maximum number of
characters is 128).
For compatibility, first 128 characters of
Unicode set represent the ASCII characters

Some Unicode Characters
Character Decimal Value Hex Value
* 42 002A
1 49 0031
2 50 0032
A 65 0041
B 66 0042
a 97 0061
b 98 0062
} 125 007D
Programming Languages
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level languages
Machine and Assembly Languages
Machine language
Written using CPU instruction set
Difficult to write and not portable
Assembly language
Written using mnemonics for instructions and
symbolic names for variables
Assembler converts code to machine language
Easier to write, but still not portable
High-Level Languages
Examples: Fortran, COBOL, Perl, Objective C,
C++, PHP, Python, and Java
Highly symbolic
Portable among CPU architectures
Languages can be designed for specific uses:
Perl, PHP, and Python: Internet applications
Fortran: scientific applications
COBOL: business applications

High-Level Languages
Compiled
Compiler converts source code (instructions) into
machine language, then program is executed
Interpreted
Interpreter converts instructions into machine
language at run time as instructions are executed
Usually executes more slowly than compiled
program

Java
Combination of compiler and interpreter
Compiler converts source code into byte
codes (an instruction set for a virtual,
machine-independent processor)
At run time, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
interprets the byte codes and converts them
into the machine language for the platform on
which the program is running.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Class
tool for encapsulating data and operations
(methods) into one unit
defines a template, or model, for creating and
manipulating objects
Objects
data created using the class and its methods
an object is an instance of the class
creating an object is called instantiation
OOP Advantage: Reuse
Well-written classes can be reused in new
applications
Shortens development time because
programmers don't need to write that code
Programs are more robust because the class
code is already tested
The Java Language
Created by Sun Microsystems in 1995 (Oracle
Corp. bought Sun in 2010)
Syntax is based on C++
Object-oriented
Supports Internet applications
Provides extensive library of classes
Is portable among platforms
Has built-in networking
Java Programs
Applets
Small programs designed to add interactivity to
websites
Downloaded with the web page and launched
by an Internet browser
Servlets
Run by web server on the server
Typically generate web content
Applications
Programs that run standalone on a client
An Introduction to Programming
Programming Basics
Program Design with Pseudocode
Developing a Java Application
Programming Basics
Programming is translating a problem into
ordered steps consisting of operations a
computer can perform:
Input
Perform calculations
Compare values
Move data
Output
The order of execution of instructions is
called flow of control
Program Design with Pseudocode
Pronounced sue-dough-code
English-like language for specifying the design
of a program
Programmers can concentrate on design of
program without worrying about Java
language rules (syntax)
Programmers then convert pseudocode into
Java code
Four Types of Flow of Control
Sequential Processing
Execute instructions in order
Method Call
Jump to code in method, then return
Selection
Choose code to execute based on data value
Looping or Iteration
Repeat operations for multiple data values
Sequential Processing
The pseudocode for calculating the sum of
two numbers would look like this:

read first number
read second number
set total to (first number +
second number)
output total

Method Call
Calling the method executes the method
Methods can take arguments (data to use)
and return values
Here is pseudocode for calculating the square
root of an integer:
read an integer
call the square root method, passing the
integer and receiving the square root
output the square root
Selection
The pseudocode for determining if a number
is positive or negative is:

read a number
if the number is greater than
or equal to 0
write "Number is positive."
else
write "Number is negative."
Looping
The pseudocode for finding the sum of a set of
numbers is:

set total to 0
read a number
while there was a number to
read,
add number to total
read the next number
write total
Developing a Java Application
1. Write the source code
Using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
or text editor
Save in a .java file
2. Compile the source code:
javac ClassName.java
The compiler creates a .class file
3. Execute the application:
java ClassName
The Java Virtual Machine runs the code
A First Application
1 // First program in Java
2 // FirstProgram.java
3
4 public class FirstProgram
5 {
6 public static void main( String [] args )
7 {
8 System.out.println( "Programming is not "
9 + " a spectator sport!" );
10 System.exit( 0 );
11 }
12 }


Java is case-sensitive.

The source file must be saved with the same name
as the class name with a .java extension.

The class name and the source filename must match
exactly, including capitalization.
Common Error Trap
Types of Program Errors
Compiler errors
Found by the compiler.
Usually caused by incorrect syntax or spelling
Run-time errors
Reported by the JVM
Usually caused by incorrect use of prewritten classes or
invalid data
Logic errors
Found by testing the program
Incorrect program design or incorrect execution of the
design