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Chapter 26 - PHP: Outline

This document provides an overview of PHP concepts including data types, operators, arrays, and control structures. It outlines a chapter that teaches PHP string processing, form processing, cookies, connecting to databases, and dynamic content generation. The objectives are to understand PHP fundamentals and how to process forms, read/write cookies, and interact with MySQL databases to construct dynamic web programs. Examples demonstrate PHP scripts, variables, type conversion, operators, and arrays.

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RamKumar Inet
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© © All Rights Reserved
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95 views107 pages

Chapter 26 - PHP: Outline

This document provides an overview of PHP concepts including data types, operators, arrays, and control structures. It outlines a chapter that teaches PHP string processing, form processing, cookies, connecting to databases, and dynamic content generation. The objectives are to understand PHP fundamentals and how to process forms, read/write cookies, and interact with MySQL databases to construct dynamic web programs. Examples demonstrate PHP scripts, variables, type conversion, operators, and arrays.

Uploaded by

RamKumar Inet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 107

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1
Chapter 26 - PHP
Outline
26.1 Introduction
26.2 PHP
26.3 String Processing and Regular Expressions
26.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables
26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic
26.6 Verifying a Username and Password
26.7 Connecting to a Database
26.8 Cookies
26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP
26.10 Operator Precedence
26.11 Web Resources
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn:
To understand PHP data types, operators, arrays and control
structures.
To understand string processing and regular expressions in
PHP.
To construct programs that process form data.
To be able to read and write client data using cookies.
To construct programs that interact with MySQL databases.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
3
26.1 Introduction
PHP
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
Originally called Personal Home Page Tools
Popular server-side scripting technology
Open-source
Anyone may view, modify and redistribute source code
Supported freely by community
Platform independent


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4
26.2 PHP
Basic application
Scripting delimiters
<? php ?>
Must enclose all script code
Variables preceded by $ symbol
Case-sensitive
End statements with semicolon
Comments
// for single line
/* */ for multiline
Filenames end with .php by convention
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Outline
5
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.1: first.php -->
5 <!-- Our first PHP script -->
6
7 <?php
8 $name = "LunaTic"; // declaration
9 ?>
10
11 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
12 <head>
13 <title>A simple PHP document</title>
14 </head>
15
16 <body style = "font-size: 2em">
17 <p>
18 <strong>
19
20 <!-- print variable names value -->
21 Welcome to PHP, <?php print( "$name" ); ?>!
22 </strong>
23 </p>
24 </body>
25 </html>

first.php
(1 of 1)

















Declare variable $name
Scripting delimiters
Single-line comment
Function print outputs the value of variable
$name
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6
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.1 Simple PHP program.
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7
26.2 PHP
Variables
Can have different types at different times
Variable names inside strings replaced by their value
Type conversions
settype function
Type casting
Concatenation operator
. (period)
Combine strings

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8
26.2 PHP
Data type Description
int, integer
Whole numbers (i.e., numbers without a decimal point).
float, double
Real numbers (i.e., numbers containing a decimal point).
string
Text enclosed in either single ('') or double ("") quotes.
bool, Boolean
True or false.
array
Group of elements of the same type.
object
Group of associated data and methods.
Resource
An external data source.
NULL
No value.
Fig. 26.2 PHP data types.

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Outline
9
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.3: data.php -->
5 <!-- Demonstration of PHP data types -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>PHP data types</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13
14 <?php
15
16 // declare a string, double and integer
17 $testString = "3.5 seconds";
18 $testDouble = 79.2;
19 $testInteger = 12;
20 ?>
21

data.php
(1 of 3)
Assign a string to variable
$testString
Assign a double to variable
$testDouble Assign an integer to variable
$testInteger
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Outline
10
22 <!-- print each variables value -->
23 <?php print( $testString ); ?> is a string.<br />
24 <?php print( $testDouble ); ?> is a double.<br />
25 <?php print( $testInteger ); ?> is an integer.<br />
26
27 <br />
28 Now, converting to other types:<br />
29 <?php
30
31 // call function settype to convert variable
32 // testString to different data types
33 print( "$testString" );
34 settype( $testString, "double" );
35 print( " as a double is $testString <br />" );
36 print( "$testString" );
37 settype( $testString, "integer" );
38 print( " as an integer is $testString <br />" );
39 settype( $testString, "string" );
40 print( "Converting back to a string results in
41 $testString <br /><br />" );
42
43 $data = "98.6 degrees";

data.php
(2 of 3)
Print each variables value
Call function settype to
convert the data type of
variable $testString to a
double.
Call function settype to
convert the data type of
variable $testString to an
integer.
Convert variable $testString
back to a string
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Outline
11
44
45 // use type casting to cast variables to a
46 // different type
47 print( "Now using type casting instead: <br />
48 As a string - " . (string) $data .
49 "<br />As a double - " . (double) $data .
50 "<br />As an integer - " . (integer) $data );
51 ?>
52 </body>
53 </html>

data.php
(3 of 3)
Use type casting to cast variable
$data to different types
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12
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.3 Type conversion.
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13
26.2 PHP
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Syntactical shortcuts
Before being assigned values, variables have value undef
Constants
Named values
define function

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Outline
14
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.4: operators.php -->
5 <!-- Demonstration of operators -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Using arithmetic operators</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <?php
14 $a = 5;
15 print( "The value of variable a is $a <br />" );
16
17 // define constant VALUE
18 define( "VALUE", 5 );
19
20 // add constant VALUE to variable $a
21 $a = $a + VALUE;
22 print( "Variable a after adding constant VALUE
23 is $a <br />" );
24

operators.php
(1 of 3)
Define constant VALUE.
Add constant VALUE to variable $a.
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Outline
15
25 // multiply variable $a by 2
26 $a *= 2;
27 print( "Multiplying variable a by 2 yields $a <br />" );
28
29 // test if variable $a is less than 50
30 if ( $a < 50 )
31 print( "Variable a is less than 50 <br />" );
32
33 // add 40 to variable $a
34 $a += 40;
35 print( "Variable a after adding 40 is $a <br />" );
36
37 // test if variable $a is 50 or less
38 if ( $a < 51 )
39 print( "Variable a is still 50 or less<br />" );
40
41 // test if variable $a is between 50 and 100, inclusive
42 elseif ( $a < 101 )
43 print( "Variable a is now between 50 and 100,
44 inclusive<br />" );
45 else
46 print( "Variable a is now greater than 100
47 <br />" );
48

operators.php
(2 of 3)
Multiply variable $a by two using the
multiplication assignment operator *=.
Test whether variable $a is less than 50
Add 40 to variable $a using the addition assignment
operator +=.
Print if variable $a is less than 50.
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Outline
16
49 // print an uninitialized variable
50 print( "Using a variable before initializing:
51 $nothing <br />" );
52
53 // add constant VALUE to an uninitialized variable
54 $test = $num + VALUE;
55 print( "An uninitialized variable plus constant
56 VALUE yields $test <br />" );
57
58 // add a string to an integer
59 $str = "3 dollars";
60 $a += $str;
61 print( "Adding a string to variable a yields $a
62 <br />" );
63 ?>
64 </body>
65 </html>

operators.php
(3 of 3)
Add constant VALUE to an uninitialized
variable.
Add a string to an integer.
Print an uninitialized variable ($nothing).
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17
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.4 Using PHPs arithmetic operators.
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18
26.2 PHP
Keywords
Reserved for language features
ifelseifelse
Arrays
Group of related data
Elements
Name plus braces and index
Indices start at zero
count function
array function
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19
26.2 PHP
Arrays, cont.
Built-in iterators
Maintain pointer to element currently referenced
reset
key
next
foreach loops

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20
26.2 PHP
PHP keywords

and
break
case
class
continue
default
do
else
elseif
extends
false
for
foreach
function
global
if

include
list
new
not
or
require
return
static
switch
this
true
var
virtual
xor
while

Fig. 26.5 PHP keywords.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Outline
21
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.6: arrays.php -->
5 <!-- Array manipulation -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Array manipulation</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <?php
14
15 // create array first
16 print( "<strong>Creating the first array</strong>
17 <br />" );
18 $first[ 0 ] = "zero";
19 $first[ 1 ] = "one";
20 $first[ 2 ] = "two";
21 $first[] = "three";
22
23 // print each elements index and value
24 for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $first ); $i++ )
25 print( "Element $i is $first[$i] <br />" );

arrays.php
(1 of 3)
Create the array $first by assigning a value
to an array element.
Assign a value to the array, omitting the index.
Appends a new element to the end of the array.
Use a for loop to print out each elements index and value.
Function count returns the total number of elements in the
array.
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Outline
22
26
27 print( "<br /><strong>Creating the second array
28 </strong><br />" );
29
30 // call function array to create array second
31 $second = array( "zero", "one", "two", "three" );
32 for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $second ); $i++ )
33 print( "Element $i is $second[$i] <br />" );
34
35 print( "<br /><strong>Creating the third array
36 </strong><br />" );
37
38 // assign values to non-numerical indices
39 $third[ "ArtTic" ] = 21;
40 $third[ "LunaTic" ] = 18;
41 $third[ "GalAnt" ] = 23;
42
43 // iterate through the array elements and print each
44 // elements name and value
45 for ( reset( $third ); $element = key( $third );
46 next( $third ) )
47 print( "$element is $third[$element] <br />" );
48

arrays.php
(2 of 3)
Call function array to create an array that contains
the arguments passed to it. Store the array in variable
$second.
Assign values to non-numerical indices
in array $third.
Function reset sets the internal pointer to the
first element of the array.
Function key returns the index of the element which
the internal pointer references.
Function next moves the internal pointer to the next
element.
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Outline
23
49 print( "<br /><strong>Creating the fourth array
50 </strong><br />" );
51
52 // call function array to create array fourth using
53 // string indices
54 $fourth = array(
55 "January" => "first", "February" => "second",
56 "March" => "third", "April" => "fourth",
57 "May" => "fifth", "June" => "sixth",
58 "July" => "seventh", "August" => "eighth",
59 "September" => "ninth", "October" => "tenth",
60 "November" => "eleventh","December" => "twelfth"
61 );
62
63 // print each elements name and value
64 foreach ( $fourth as $element => $value )
65 print( "$element is the $value month <br />" );
66 ?>
67 </body>
68 </html>

arrays.php
(3 of 3)
Operator => is used in function array to assign each
element a string index. The value to the left of the
operator is the array index, and the value to the right is
the elements value.
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24
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.6 Array manipulation.
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25
26.3 String Processing and Regular
Expressions
String processing
Equality and comparison two important operations
strcmp function
Returns 1 if string 1 < string 2
Returns 0 if string 1 = string 2
Returns 1 if string 1 > string 2
Relational operators
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Outline
26
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.7: compare.php -->
5 <!-- String Comparison -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>String Comparison</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <?php
14
15 // create array fruits
16 $fruits = array( "apple", "orange", "banana" );
17
18 // iterate through each array element
19 for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $fruits ); $i++ ) {
20
21 // call function strcmp to compare the array element
22 // to string "banana"
23 if ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) < 0 )
24 print( $fruits[ $i ]." is less than banana " );

compare.php
(1 of 2)
Use a for loop to iterate through each array element.
Function strcmp compares two strings. If the first string
alphabetically precedes the second, then 1 is returned. If
the strings are equal, 0 is returned. If the first string
alphabetically follows the second, then 1 is returned.
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Outline
27
25 elseif ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) > 0 )
26 print( $fruits[ $i ].
27 " is greater than banana " );
28 else
29 print( $fruits[ $i ]." is equal to banana " );
30
31 // use relational operators to compare each element
32 // to string "apple"
33 if ( $fruits[ $i ] < "apple" )
34 print( "and less than apple! <br />" );
35 elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] > "apple" )
36 print( "and greater than apple! <br />" );
37 elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] == "apple" )
38 print( "and equal to apple! <br />" );
39
40 }
41 ?>
42 </body>
43 </html>

compare.php
(2 of 2)
Use relational operators to compare each array
element to string apple.
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28
26.3 String Processing and Regular
Expressions
Fig. 26.7 Using the string comparison operators.
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29
26.3 String Processing and Regular
Expressions
Regular expressions
Pattern matching templates
ereg function
POSIX
preg_match function
Perl
ereg_replace function
Building regular expressions
Metacharacters
$, ., ^
Brackets [ ]
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All rights reserved.
Outline
30
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.8: expression.php -->
5 <!-- Using regular expressions -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Regular expressions</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <?php
14 $search = "Now is the time";
15 print( "Test string is: '$search'<br /><br />" );
16
17 // call function ereg to search for pattern 'Now'
18 // in variable search
19 if ( ereg( "Now", $search ) )
20 print( "String 'Now' was found.<br />" );
21

expression.php
(1 of 3)
Function ereg searches for the literal
characters Now inside variable $search.
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Outline
31
22 // search for pattern 'Now' in the beginning of
23 // the string
24 if ( ereg( "^Now", $search ) )
25 print( "String 'Now' found at beginning
26 of the line.<br />" );
27
28 // search for pattern 'Now' at the end of the string
29 if ( ereg( "Now$", $search ) )
30 print( "String 'Now' was found at the end
31 of the line.<br />" );
32
33 // search for any word ending in 'ow'
34 if ( ereg( "[[:<:]]([a-zA-Z]*ow)[[:>:]]", $search,
35 $match ) )
36 print( "Word found ending in 'ow': " .
37 $match[ 1 ] . "<br />" );
38
39 // search for any words beginning with 't'
40 print( "Words beginning with 't' found: ");
41
42 while ( eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]]",
43 $search, $match ) ) {
44 print( $match[ 1 ] . " " );
45

expression.php
(2 of 3)
The dollar sign special character ($) search for the
pattern Now at the end of the string.
The expression inside the parentheses, [a-zA-Z]*ow,
matches any word ending in ow. The quantifier *
matches the preceding pattern 0 or more times.
The special bracket expressions [[:<:]] and
[[:>:]] match the beginning and end of a
word, respectively.
Placing a pattern in parentheses stores the matched
string in the array that is specified in the third argument
to function ereg.
The while loop is used to find each occurrence of a
word in the string beginning with t.
The pattern used in this example,
[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]], matches any
word beginning with the character t followed by one or
more characters. Character class [[:alpha:]]
recognizes any alphabetic character.
Function eregi is used to specify case insensitive
pattern matches.
The caret special character (^) matches the
beginning of a string. Function ereg searches the
beginning of the string for pattern Now .
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Outline
32
expression.php
(3 of 3)
46 // remove the first occurrence of a word beginning
47 // with 't' to find other instances in the string
48 $search = ereg_replace( $match[ 1 ], "", $search );
49 }
50
51 print( "<br />" );
52 ?>
53 </body>
54 </html>

After printing a match of a word beginning with t, function
ereg_replace is called to remove the word from the string.
This is necessary be because to find multiple instances of a
given pattern, the first matched instance must first be removed.
Function ereg_replace takes three arguments: the pattern to
match, a string to replace the matched string and the string to
search.
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33
26.3 String Processing and Regular
Expressions
Fig. 26.8 Regular expressions in PHP.
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34
26.3 String Processing and Regular
Expressions
Quantifier Matches
{n}
Exactly n times.
{m,n}
Between m and n times inclusive.
{n,}

n or more times.
+
One or more times (same as {1,}).
*
Zero or more times (same as {0,}).
?
Zero or one time (same as {0,1}).
Fig. 26.9 Some PHP quantifiers.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
35
26.3 String Processing and Regular
Expressions
Character class Description
alnum
Alphanumeric characters (i.e., letters [a-zA-Z] or digits [0-9]).
alpha
Word characters (i.e., letters [a-zA-Z]).
digit
Digits.
space
Whitespace.
lower
Lowercase letters.
upper
Uppercase letters.
Fig. 26.10 Some PHP character classes.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
36
26.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment
Variables
Environment variables
Provide information about execution environment
Type of Web browser
Type of server
Details of HTTP connection
Stored as array in PHP
$_ENV
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37
26.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment
Variables
Variable name Description
$_SERVER
Data about the currently running server.
$_ENV
Data about the clients environment.
$_GET
Data posted to the server by the get method.
$_POST
Data posted to the server by the post method.
$_COOKIE
Data contained in cookies on the clients computer.
$GLOBALS
Array containing all global variables.
Fig. 26.11 Some useful global arrays.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
38
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.11: env.php -->
5 <!-- Program to display environment variables -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Environment Variables</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <table border = "0" cellpadding = "2" cellspacing = "0"
14 width = "100%">
15 <?php
16
17 // print the key and value for each element
18 // in the $_ENV array
19 foreach ( $_ENV as $key => $value )
20 print( "<tr><td bgcolor = \"#11bbff\">
21 <strong>$key</strong></td>
22 <td>$value</td></tr>" );
23 ?>
24 </table>
25 </body>
26 </html>

env.php
(1 of 1)
The foreach loop is used to print out the keys and
values for each element in the $_ENV array.
PHP stores environment variables and their values in
the $_ENV array.
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39
26.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment
Variables
Fig. 26.12 Displaying environment variables.
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40
26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic
Form processing
action property
Where to send form data
method property
post
Each element has unique name

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
41
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.13: form.html -->
5 <!-- Form for use with the form.php program -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13
14 <h1>This is a sample registration form.</h1>
15 Please fill in all fields and click Register.
16
17 <!-- post form data to form.php -->
18 <form method = "post" action = "form.php">
19 <img src = "images/user.gif" alt = "User" /><br />
20 <span style = "color: blue">
21 Please fill out the fields below.<br />
22 </span>
23

form.html
(1 of 4)
The action attribute of the form element
indicates that when the user clicks Register, the
form data will be posted to form.php.
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Outline
42
24 <!-- create four text boxes for user input -->
25 <img src = "images/fname.gif" alt = "First Name" />
26 <input type = "text" name = "fname" /><br />
27
28 <img src = "images/lname.gif" alt = "Last Name" />
29 <input type = "text" name = "lname" /><br />
30
31 <img src = "images/email.gif" alt = "Email" />
32 <input type = "text" name = "email" /><br />
33
34 <img src = "images/phone.gif" alt = "Phone" />
35 <input type = "text" name = "phone" /><br />
36
37 <span style = "font-size: 10pt">
38 Must be in the form (555)555-5555</span>
39 <br /><br />
40
41 <img src = "images/downloads.gif"
42 alt = "Publications" /><br />
43
44 <span style = "color: blue">
45 Which book would you like information about?
46 </span><br />
47

form.html
(2 of 4)
A unique name (e.g., email) is assigned to each
of the forms input fields. When Register is
clicked, each fields name and value are sent to
the Web server.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
43
48 <!-- create drop-down list containing book names -->
49 <select name = "book">
50 <option>Internet and WWW How to Program 3e</option>
51 <option>C++ How to Program 4e</option>
52 <option>Java How to Program 5e</option>
53 <option>XML How to Program 1e</option>
54 </select>
55 <br /><br />
56
57 <img src = "images/os.gif" alt = "Operating System" />
58 <br /><span style = "color: blue">
59 Which operating system are you currently using?
60 <br /></span>
61
62 <!-- create five radio buttons -->
63 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows XP"
64 checked = "checked" />
65 Windows XP
66
67 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value =
68 "Windows 2000" />
69 Windows 2000
70
71 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value =
72 "Windows 98" />
73 Windows 98<br />

form.html
(3 of 4)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
44
form.html
(4 of 4)
74
75 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Linux" />
76 Linux
77
78 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Other" />
79 Other<br />
80
81 <!-- create a submit button -->
82 <input type = "submit" value = "Register" />
83 </form>
84
85 </body>
86 </html>

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
45
26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic
Fig. 26.13 XHTML form for gathering user input.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
46
26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic
Business logic
Confirm that valid information was entered
extract function
Creates variables corresponding to each key-value pair in array
Easily retrieve all values sent to PHP page
Regular expressions very helpful
Do checks on client side where possible
JavaScript
Conserves server resources
Ending a script
die function
Remember to close all HTML tags
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
47
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.14: form.php -->
5 <!-- Read information sent from form.html -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Form Validation</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body style = "font-family: arial,sans-serif">
13
14 <?php
15 extract( $_POST );
16
17 // determine whether phone number is valid and print
18 // an error message if not
19 if ( !ereg( "^\([0-9]{3}\)[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$",
20 $phone ) ){
21

form.php
(1 of 4)
Function ereg is called to determine whether the
phone number entered by the user is valid.
The expression \( matches the opening
parentheses of a phone number.
We access the phone fields value from
form.html by using variable $phone.
The parentheses in the expression must be
followed by three digits ([0-9]{3}), a closing
parenthesis, three digits, a literal hyphen and
four additional digits.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
48
22 print( "<p><span style = \"color: red;
23 font-size: 2em\">
24 INVALID PHONE NUMBER</span><br />
25 A valid phone number must be in the form
26 <strong>(555)555-5555</strong><br />
27 <span style = \"color: blue\">
28 Click the Back button, enter a valid phone
29 number and resubmit.<br /><br />
30 Thank You.</span></p></body></html>" );
31
32 die(); // terminate script execution
33 }
34 ?>
35
36 <p>Hi
37 <span style = "color: blue">
38 <strong>
39 <?php print( "$fname" ); ?>
40 </strong>
41 </span>.
42 Thank you for completing the survey.<br />
43

form.php
(2 of 4)
Function die terminates script execution
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
49
44 You have been added to the
45 <span style = "color: blue">
46 <strong>
47 <?php print( "$book " ); ?>
48 </strong>
49 </span>
50 mailing list.
51 </p>
52 <strong>The following information has been saved
53 in our database:</strong><br />
54
55 <table border = "0" cellpadding = "0" cellspacing = "10">
56 <tr>
57 <td bgcolor = "#ffffaa">Name </td>
58 <td bgcolor = "#ffffbb">Email</td>
59 <td bgcolor = "#ffffcc">Phone</td>
60 <td bgcolor = "#ffffdd">OS</td>
61 </tr>
62
63 <tr>
64 <?php
65

form.php
(3 of 4)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
50
form.php
(4 of 4)
66 // print each form fields value
67 print( "<td>$fname $lname</td>
68 <td>$email</td>
69 <td>$phone</td>
70 <td>$os</td>" );
71 ?>
72 </tr>
73 </table>
74
75 <br /><br /><br />
76 <div style = "font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">
77 This is only a sample form.
78 You have not been added to a mailing list.
79 </div>
80 </body>
81 </html>

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
51
26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic
Fig. 26.14 Obtaining user input through forms.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
52
26.6 Verifying a Username and Password
Private website
Only accessible to certain individuals
Encrypt username and password data when sending, storing
and retrieving for increased security
Implementing password checking
Login information stored in file
fopen function
Read, write, append modes
Store data using fputs
\n newline character
Close files when done
fclose function
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
53
26.6 Verifying a Username and Password
Implementing password checking, cont.
Trim newline character
chop function
Split string into substrings given a certain delimiter
split function
If username/password match list, allow access
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
54
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.15: password.html -->
5 <!-- XHTML form sent to password.php for verification -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Verifying a username and a password.</title>
10
11 <style type = "text/css">
12 td { background-color: #DDDDDD }
13 </style>
14 </head>
15
16 <body style = "font-family: arial">
17 <p style = "font-size: 13pt">
18 Type in your username and password below.
19 <br />
20 <span style = "color: #0000FF; font-size: 10pt;
21 font-weight: bold">
22 Note that password will be sent as plain text
23 </span>
24 </p>
25

password.html
(1 of 4)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
55
26 <!-- post form data to password.php -->
27 <form action = "password.php" method = "post">
28 <br />
29
30 <table border = "0" cellspacing = "0"
31 style = "height: 90px; width: 123px;
32 font-size: 10pt" cellpadding = "0">
33
34 <tr>
35 <td colspan = "3">
36 <strong>Username:</strong>
37 </td>
38 </tr>
39
40 <tr>
41 <td colspan = "3">
42 <input size = "40" name = "USERNAME"
43 style = "height: 22px; width: 115px" />
44 </td>
45 </tr>
46

password.html
(2 of 4)
Form data is posted to password.php.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
56
47 <tr>
48 <td colspan = "3">
49 <strong>Password:</strong>
50 </td>
51 </tr>
52
53 <tr>
54 <td colspan = "3">
55 <input size = "40" name = "PASSWORD"
56 style = "height: 22px; width: 115px"
57 type = "password" />
58 <br/></td>
59 </tr>
60
61 <tr>
62 <td colspan = "1">
63 <input type = "submit" name = "Enter"
64 value = "Enter" style = "height: 23px;
65 width: 47px" />
66 </td>
67 <td colspan = "2">
68 <input type = "submit" name = "NewUser"
69 value = "New User"
70 style = "height: 23px" />
71 </td>

password.html
(3 of 4)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
57
72 </tr>
73 </table>
74 </form>
75 </body>
76 </html>

password.html
(4 of 4)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
58
26.6 Verifying a Username and Password
Fig. 26.15 XHTML form for obtaining a username and password.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
59
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.16: password.php -->
5 <!-- Searching a database for usernames and passwords. -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <?php
10 extract( $_POST );
11
12 // check if user has left USERNAME or PASSWORD field blank
13 if ( !$USERNAME || !$PASSWORD ) {
14 fieldsBlank();
15 die();
16 }
17
18 // check if the New User button was clicked
19 if ( isset( $NewUser ) ) {
20
21 // open password.txt for writing using append mode
22 if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt",
23 "a" ) ) ) {
24

password.php
(1 of 7)
Variable names, when preceded by the logical
negation operator (!), return true if they are empty
or set to 0. This checks if a user has submitted a form
without specifying a username or password.
Function fieldsBlank is called if the user has
submitted an incomplete form to notify the user
that all form fields must be completed.
Function isset tests whether the user has
pressed the New User button, indicating that a
new user must be added.
To add a new user, we open the file
password.txt in append mode and assign the
file handle that is returned to variable $file.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
60
25 // print error message and terminate script
26 // execution if file cannot be opened
27 print( "<title>Error</title></head><body>
28 Could not open password file
29 </body></html>" );
30 die();
31 }
32
33 // write username and password to file and
34 // call function userAdded
35 fputs( $file, "$USERNAME,$PASSWORD\n" );
36 userAdded( $USERNAME );
37 }
38 else {
39
40 // if a new user is not being added, open file
41 // for reading
42 if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt",
43 "r" ) ) ) {
44 print( "<title>Error</title></head>
45 <body>Could not open password file
46 </body></html>" );
47 die();
48 }
49

password.php
(2 of 7)
Print an error message and terminate script execution
if the file cannot be opened.
Function fputs writes the name and password to the
text file..
Function userAdded is called to print a message to the
user to indicate that the username and password were
added to the file.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
61
50 $userVerified = 0;
51
52 // read each line in file and check username
53 // and password
54 while ( !feof( $file ) && !$userVerified ) {
55
56 // read line from file
57 $line = fgets( $file, 255 );
58
59 // remove newline character from end of line
60 $line = chop( $line );
61
62 // split username and password
63 $field = split( ",", $line, 2 );
64
65 // verify username
66 if ( $USERNAME == $field[ 0 ] ) {
67 $userVerified = 1;
68
69 // call function checkPassword to verify
70 // users password
71 if ( checkPassword( $PASSWORD, $field )
72 == true )
73 accessGranted( $USERNAME );
74 else
75 wrongPassword();

password.php
(3 of 7)
Before entering the while loop, variable
$userVerified is set to 0.
The while loop executes as long as the there are more
lines in the file to read and variable $userVerified is
still 0 or empty.
Function fgets reads a line from the text file.
The result is assigned to variable $line.
Function chop removes the newline character
from the end of the line.
Function split is called to separate the string at the
specified delimiter (in this case, a comma). The
resulting array is stored in array $field.
The username entered by the user is tested
against the one returned in the text file (stored
in the first element of the array). If they match,
variable $userVerified is set to 1.
Function checkPassword is called to verify the
users password. Variable $PASSWORD and array
$field are passed to the function.
If function checkPassword returns true, function
accessGranted is called to notify the client that
permission has been granted. Otherwise, function
wrongPassword is called.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
62
76 }
77 }
78
79 // close text file
80 fclose( $file );
81
82 // call function accessDenied if username has
83 // not been verified
84 if ( !$userVerified )
85 accessDenied();
86 }
87
88 // verify user password and return a boolean
89 function checkPassword( $userpassword, $filedata )
90 {
91 if ( $userpassword == $filedata[ 1 ] )
92 return true;
93 else
94 return false;
95 }
96

password.php
(4 of 7)
After the while loop has executed, function
fclose is called to close the file.
If variable $userVerified has not been set to a
value other than 0, function accessDenied is
called to notify the client that access has been
denied.
Function checkPassword compares the users
password to the password in the file. If they match,
true is returned, whereas false is returned if they
do not.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
63
97 // print a message indicating the user has been added
98 function userAdded( $name )
99 {
100 print( "<title>Thank You</title></head>
101 <body style = \"font-family: arial;
102 font-size: 1em; color: blue\">
103 <strong>You have been added
104 to the user list, $name.
105 <br />Enjoy the site.</strong>" );
106 }
107
108 // print a message indicating permission
109 // has been granted
110 function accessGranted( $name )
111 {
112 print( "<title>Thank You</title></head>
113 <body style = \"font-family: arial;
114 font-size: 1em; color: blue\">
115 <strong>Permission has been
116 granted, $name. <br />
117 Enjoy the site.</strong>" );
118 }
119

password.php
(5 of 7)
Function userAdded prints a message to the
client indicating that the user has been added.
Function accessGranted prints a
message to the client indicating that
permission has been granted.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
64
120 // print a message indicating password is invalid
121 function wrongPassword()
122 {
123 print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head>
124 <body style = \"font-family: arial;
125 font-size: 1em; color: red\">
126 <strong>You entered an invalid
127 password.<br />Access has
128 been denied.</strong>" );
129 }
130
131 // print a message indicating access has been denied
132 function accessDenied()
133 {
134 print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head>
135 <body style = \"font-family: arial;
136 font-size: 1em; color: red\">
137 <strong>
138 You were denied access to this server.
139 <br /></strong>" );
140 }
141

password.php
(6 of 7)
Function wrongPassword prints a message to the
client indicating that the password is invalid.
Function accessDenied prints a message to the
client indicating that access has been denied.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
65
142 // print a message indicating that fields
143 // have been left blank
144 function fieldsBlank()
145 {
146 print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head>
147 <body style = \"font-family: arial;
148 font-size: 1em; color: red\">
149 <strong>
150 Please fill in all form fields.
151 <br /></strong>" );
152 }
153 ?>
154 </body>
155 </html>

password.php
(7 of 7)
Function fieldsBlank prints a message to the
client indicating that all form fields have not been
completed.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
66
26.6 Verifying a Username and Password
Fig. 26.16 Verifying a username and password.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
67
password.txt
(1 of 1)
1 account1,password1
2 account2,password2
3 account3,password3
4 account4,password4
5 account5,password5
6 account6,password6
7 account7,password7
8 account8,password8
9 account9,password9
10 account10,password10

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
68
26.7 Connecting to a Database
Databases
Store and maintain data
MySQL is a free database product
PHP supports many database operations
Access databases from Web pages
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
69
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.18: data.html -->
5 <!-- Querying a MySQL Database -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Sample Database Query</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body style = "background-color: #F0E68C">
13 <h2 style = "font-family: arial color: blue">
14 Querying a MySQL database.
15 </h2>
16
17 <form method = "post" action = "database.php">
18 <p>Select a field to display:
19
20 <!-- add a select box containing options -->
21 <!-- for SELECT query -->

data.html
(1 of 2)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
70
22 <select name = "select">
23 <option selected = "selected">*</option>
24 <option>ID</option>
25 <option>Title</option>
26 <option>Category</option>
27 <option>ISBN</option>
28 </select>
29 </p>
30
31 <input type = "submit" value = "Send Query"
32 style = "background-color: blue;
33 color: yellow; font-weight: bold" />
34 </form>
35 </body>
36 </html>

data.html
(2 of 2)
Select box containing options for a SELECT
query.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
71
26.7 Connecting to a Database
Fig. 26.18 Form to query a MySQL database.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
72
26.7 Connecting to a Database
Interacting with databases
SQL
Structured Query Language
Used to manipulate databases
Several useful functions
mysql_connect
mysql_select_db
mysql_query
mysql_error
mysql_fetch_row
mysql_close
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
73
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.19: database.php -->
5 <!-- Program to query a database and -->
6 <!-- send results to the client. -->
7
8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
9 <head>
10 <title>Search Results</title>
11 </head>
12
13 <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"
14 style = "background-color: #F0E68C">
15 <?php
16
17 extract( $_POST );
18
19 // build SELECT query
20 $query = "SELECT " . $select . " FROM Books";
21
22 // Connect to MySQL
23 if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost",
24 "httpd", "" ) ) )
25 die( "Could not connect to database" );

database.php
(1 of 3)
Build the select query and assign the
string to variable $query.
Function mysql_connect returns a database
handle which represents PHPs connection to a
database. If this connection is not made, function
die is called to terminate script execution.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
74
26
27 // open Products database
28 if ( !mysql_select_db( "Products", $database ) )
29 die( "Could not open Products database" );
30
31 // query Products database
32 if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) {
33 print( "Could not execute query! <br />" );
34 die( mysql_error() );
35 }
36 ?>
37
38 <h3 style = "color: blue">
39 Search Results</h3>
40
41 <table border = "1" cellpadding = "3" cellspacing = "2"
42 style = "background-color: #ADD8E6">
43
44 <?php
45
46 // fetch each record in result set
47 for ( $counter = 0;
48 $row = mysql_fetch_row( $result );
49 $counter++ ){
50

database.php
(2 of 3)
Function mysql_select_db is called to specify the
database to be queried.
Function mysql_query returns an object
containing the result set of the query, which
we assign to variable $result.
The for loop iterates through each
record in the result set while
constructing an XHTML table from
the results. Variable $counter is
incremented by one for each row
retrieved.
Function mysql_fetch_row returns an
array containing the elements of each
row in the result set of our query
($result).
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
75
51 // build table to display results
52 print( "<tr>" );
53
54 foreach ( $row as $key => $value )
55 print( "<td>$value</td>" );
56
57 print( "</tr>" );
58 }
59
60 mysql_close( $database );
61 ?>
62
63 </table>
64
65 <br />Your search yielded <strong>
66 <?php print( "$counter" ) ?> results.<br /><br /></strong>
67
68 <h5>Please email comments to
69 <a href = "mailto:[email protected]">
70 Deitel and Associates, Inc.
71 </a>
72 </h5>
73
74 </body>
75 </html>

database.php
(3 of 3)
The foreach loop iterates through the
array containing the elements of each row
and prints out each element in an
individual table cell.
The total number of results are printed to the
client.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
76
26.7 Connecting to a Database
Fig. 26.19 Querying a database and displaying the results.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
77
26.8 Cookies
Cookies
Store information on client computer
Track preferences and other information
Stored as text files on hard drive
Never store sensitive information, such as credit card
numbers, in a cookie
Security risk
Cookies and PHP
setcookie function
Name
Value
Expiration date

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
78
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.20: cookies.html -->
5 <!-- Writing a Cookie -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Writing a cookie to the client computer</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif;
13 background-color: #99CCFF">
14
15 <h2>Click Write Cookie to save your cookie data.</h2>
16

cookies.html
(1 of 2)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
79
17 <form method = "post" action = "cookies.php"
18 style = "font-size: 10pt">
19 <strong>Name:</strong><br />
20 <input type = "text" name = "NAME" /><br />
21
22 <strong>Height:</strong><br />
23 <input type = "text" name = "HEIGHT" /><br />
24
25 <strong>Favorite Color:</strong><br />
26 <input type = "text" name = "COLOR" /><br />
27
28 <input type = "submit" value = "Write Cookie"
29 style = "background-color: #F0E86C; color: navy;
30 font-weight: bold" /></p>
31 </form>
32 </body>
33 </html>

cookies.html
(2 of 2)
Form data is posted to cookies.php.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
80
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.20 Gathering data to be written as a cookie.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
81
1 <?php
2 // Fig. 26.21: cookies.php
3 // Program to write a cookie to a client's machine
4
5 extract( $_POST );
6 // write each form fields value to a cookie and set the
7 // cookies expiration date
8 setcookie( "Name", $NAME, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
9 setcookie( "Height", $HEIGHT, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
10 setcookie( "Color", $COLOR, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
11 ?>
12
13 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
14 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
15
16 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
17 <head>
18 <title>Cookie Saved</title>
19 </head>
20
21 <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif">
22 <p>The cookie has been set with the following data:</p>
23

cookies.php
(1 of 2)
Function setcookie takes the name of the
cookie to be set as the first argument,
followed by the value to be stored in the
cookie. The optional third argument specifies
the expiration date of the cookie.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
82
24 <!-- print each form fields value -->
25 <br /><span style = "color: blue">Name:</span>
26 <?php print( $NAME ) ?><br />
27
28 <span style = "color: blue">Height:</span>
29 <?php print( $HEIGHT ) ?><br />
30
31 <span style = "color: blue">Favorite Color:</span>
32
33 <span style = "color: <?php print( "$COLOR\">$COLOR" ) ?>
34 </span><br />
35 <p>Click <a href = "readCookies.php">here</a>
36 to read the saved cookie.</p>
37 </body>
38 </html>

cookies.php
(2 of 2)
Each form fields value is printed to
confirm the data that has been set as a
cookie with the user.
Hyperlink to readCookies.php.
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83
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.21 Writing a cookie to the client.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
84
26.8 Cookies
Reading cookies
$_COOKIE environment variable
Array
foreach loop to access each element
Split into key and value


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85
26.8 Cookies
Cookie storage
Internet Explorer
Stores cookies in Cookies directory
Text file
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86
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.22 Cookies directory before a cookie is written.
Fig. 26.23 Cookies directory after a cookie is written.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
87
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.24: readCookies.php -->
5 <!-- Program to read cookies from the client's computer -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head><title>Read Cookies</title></head>
9
10 <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif">
11
12 <p>
13 <strong>
14 The following data is saved in a cookie on your
15 computer.
16 </strong>
17 </p>
18

readCookies.php
(1 of 2)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
88
19 <table border = "5" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "10">
20 <?php
21
22 // iterate through array $_COOKIE and print
23 // name and value of each cookie
24 foreach ( $_COOKIE as $key => $value )
25 print( "<tr>
26 <td bgcolor=\"#F0E68C\">$key</td>
27 <td bgcolor=\"#FFA500\">$value</td>
28 </tr>" );
29 ?>
30
31 </table>
32 </body>
33 </html>

readCookies.php
(2 of 2)
PHP creates array $_COOKIE which contains
all cookie values indexed by their names.
The foreach loop iterates through the $_COOKIE
array and prints the name and value of each cookie
in an XHTML table.
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89
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.24 Displaying the cookies content.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
90
26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP
Dynamically alter XHTML content
Forms action property set to same page that contains it
Perform different actions when page is loaded and form is
submitted
isset variable
Check for errors
Write different XHTML when errors encountered
$$variable syntax
References variable whose name equals the value of $variable
If input is valid, make MySQL database calls
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
91
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.25: dynamicForm.php -->
5 <!-- Form for use with the form.php program -->
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <?php
14 extract ( $_POST );
15 $iserror = false;
16
17 // array of book titles
18 $booklist = array( "Internet and WWW How to Program 3e",
19 "C++ How to Program 4e",
20 "Java How to Program 5e",
21 "XML How to Program 1e" );
22

dynamicForm.php
(1 of 9)
Build array of options for the form.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
92
23 // array of possible operating systems
24 $systemlist = array( "Windows XP",
25 "Windows 2000",
26 "Windows 98",
27 "Linux",
28 "Other");
29
30 // array of name and alt values for the text input fields
31 $inputlist = array( "fname" => "First Name",
32 "lname" => "Last Name",
33 "email" => "Email",
34 "phone" => "Phone" );
35
36 if ( isset ( $submit ) ) {
37 if ( $fname == "" ) {
38 $formerrors[ "fnameerror" ] = true;
39 $iserror = true;
40 }
41
42 if ( $lname == "" ) {
43 $formerrors[ "lnameerror" ] = true;
44 $iserror = true;
45 }
46

dynamicForm.php
(2 of 9)
Check for errors or omissions in form field
input.
If the page is being loaded as a result of a form
submission, do error checking and then retrieve
information from the database.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
93
47 if ( $email == "" ) {
48 $formerrors[ "emailerror" ] = true;
49 $iserror = true;
50 }
51
52 if ( !ereg( "^\([0-9]{3}\)[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$", $phone ) ) {
53 $formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] = true;
54 $iserror = true;
55 }
56
57 if ( !$iserror ) {
58
59 // build INSERT query
60 $query = "INSERT INTO contacts " .
61 "( LastName, FirstName, Email, Phone, Book, OS ) " .
62 "VALUES ( '$lname', '$fname', '$email', " .
63 "'" . quotemeta( $phone ) . "', '$book', '$os' )";
64
65 // Connect to MySQL
66 if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost",
67 "httpd", "" ) ) )
68 die( "Could not connect to database" );
69
70 // open MailingList database
71 if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) )
72 die( "Could not open MailingList database" );

dynamicForm.php
(3 of 9)
If there were no errors, query the MySQL
database.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
94
73
74 // execute query in MailingList database
75 if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) {
76 print( "Could not execute query! <br />" );
77 die( mysql_error() );
78 }
79
80 print( "<p>Hi
81 <span style = 'color: blue'>
82 <strong>$fname</strong></span>.
83 Thank you for completing the survey.<br />
84
85 You have been added to the
86 <span style = 'color: blue'>
87 <strong>$book</strong></span>
88 mailing list.
89 </p>
90 <strong>The following information has been saved
91 in our database:</strong><br />
92
93 <table border = '0' cellpadding = '0' cellspacing = '10'>
94 <tr>
95 <td bgcolor = '#ffffaa'>Name</td>
96 <td bgcolor = '#ffffbb'>Email</td>
97 <td bgcolor = '#ffffcc'>Phone</td>

dynamicForm.php
(4 of 9)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
95
98 <td bgcolor = '#ffffdd'>OS</td>
99 </tr>
100 <tr>
101
102 <!-- print each form fields value -->
103 <td>$fname $lname</td>
104 <td>$email</td>
105 <td>$phone</td>
106 <td>$os</td>
107 </tr></table>
108
109 <br /><br /><br />
110 <div style = 'font-size: 10pt; text-align: center'>
111 <div style = 'font-size : 18pt'>
112 <a href = 'formDatabase.php'>
113 Click here to view entire database.</a></div>
114 This is only a sample form.
115 You have not been added to a mailing list.
116 </div></body></html>" );
117 die();
118 }
119 }
120
121 print( "<h1>This is a sample registration form.</h1>
122 Please fill in all fields and click Register." );

dynamicForm.php
(5 of 9)
Halt the script so the form-generation code
does not execute.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
96
123
124 if ( $iserror ) {
125 print( "<br /><span style = 'color : red'>
126 Fields with * need to be filled in properly.</span>" );
127 }
128
129 print( "<!-- post form data to form.php -->
130 <form method = 'post' action = 'dynamicform.php'>
131 <img src = 'images/user.gif' alt = 'User' /><br />
132 <span style = 'color: blue'>
133 Please fill out the fields below.<br />
134 </span>
135
136 <!-- create four text boxes for user input -->" );
137 foreach ( $inputlist as $inputname => $inputalt ) {
138 $inputtext = $inputvalues[ $inputname ];
139
140 print( "<img src = 'images/$inputname.gif'
141 alt = '$inputalt' /><input type = 'text'
142 name = '$inputname' value = '" . $$inputname . "' />" );
143
144 if ( $formerrors[ ( $inputname )."error" ] == true )
145 print( "<span style = 'color : red'>*</span>" );
146
147 print( "<br />" );
148 }

dynamicForm.php
(6 of 9)
If the form input contained errors, place a red
asterisk (*) next to the text field.
Fill in the forms using $$variable syntax.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
97
149
150 print( "<span style = 'font-size : 10pt" );
151
152 if ( $formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] )
153 print( "; color : red" );
154
155 print( "'>Must be in the form (555)555-5555
156 </span><br /><br />
157
158 <img src = 'images/downloads.gif'
159 alt = 'Publications' /><br />
160
161 <span style = 'color: blue'>
162 Which book would you like information about?
163 </span><br />
164
165 <!-- create drop-down list containing book names -->
166 <select name = 'book'>" );
167
168 foreach ( $booklist as $currbook ) {
169 print( "<option" );
170
171 if ( ( $currbook == $book ) )
172 print( " selected = 'true'" );
173

dynamicForm.php
(7 of 9)
Make sure the correct book is selected in the
dropdown box.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
98
174 print( ">$currbook</option>" );
175 }
176
177 print( "</select><br /><br />
178 <img src = 'images/os.gif' alt = 'Operating System' />
179 <br /><span style = 'color: blue'>
180 Which operating system are you currently using?
181 <br /></span>
182
183 <!-- create five radio buttons -->" );
184
185 $counter = 0;
186
187 foreach ( $systemlist as $currsystem ) {
188 print( "<input type = 'radio' name = 'os'
189 value = '$currsystem'" );
190
191 if ( $currsystem == $os ) print( "checked = 'checked'" );
192 if ( $iserror && $counter == 0 ) print( "checked = 'checked'" );
193
194 print( " />$currsystem" );
195
196 if ( $counter == 2 ) print( "<br />" );
197 $counter++;
198 }
199

dynamicForm.php
(8 of 9)
Make sure the correct OS is checked in the
checkbox.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
99
200 print( "<!-- create a submit button -->
201 <br />
202 <input type = 'submit' name = 'submit' value = 'Register' />
203 </form></body></html>" );
204 ?>

dynamicForm.php
(9 of 9)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
100
26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP
Fig. 26.25 Dynamic form using PHP.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
101
26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP
Fig. 26.25 Dynamic form using PHP.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
102
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 <!-- Fig. 26.26: formDatabase.php -->
5 <!-- Program to query a database and -->
6 <!-- send results to the client. -->
7
8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
9 <head>
10 <title>Search Results</title>
11 </head>
12
13 <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"
14 style = "background-color: #F0E68C">
15 <?php
16
17 extract( $_POST );
18
19 // build SELECT query
20 $query = "SELECT * FROM contacts";
21
22 // Connect to MySQL
23 if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost",
24 "httpd", "" ) ) )
25 die( "Could not connect to database" );

formDatabase.php
(1 of 3)
Build the query string.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
103
26
27 // open MailingList database
28 if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) )
29 die( "Could not open MailingList database" );
30
31 // query MailingList database
32 if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) {
33 print( "Could not execute query! <br />" );
34 die( mysql_error() );
35 }
36 ?>
37
38 <h3 style = "color: blue">
39 Mailing List Contacts</h3>
40
41 <table border = "1" cellpadding = "3" cellspacing = "2"
42 style = "background-color: #ADD8E6">
43
44 <tr>
45 <td>ID</td>
46 <td>Last Name</td>
47 <td>First Name</td>
48 <td>E-mail Address</td>
49 <td>Phone Number</td>
50 <td>Book</td>

formDatabase.php
(2 of 3)
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
104
51 <td>Operating System</td>
52 </tr>
53 <?php
54
55 // fetch each record in result set
56 for ( $counter = 0;
57 $row = mysql_fetch_row( $result );
58 $counter++ ){
59
60 // build table to display results
61 print( "<tr>" );
62
63 foreach ( $row as $key => $value )
64 print( "<td>$value</td>" );
65
66 print( "</tr>" );
67 }
68
69 mysql_close( $database );
70 ?>
71
72 </table>
73
74 </body>
75 </html>

formDatabase.php
(3 of 3)
Dynamically create a table
containing each mailing list
member.
Retrieve each mailing list
member record from the
database.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
105
26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP
Fig. 26.26 Displaying the MailingList database.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
106
26.10 Operator Precedence
Operator Type Associativity
new constructor none
[] subscript right to left
~
!
++
--
-
@
bitwise not
not
increment
decrement
unary negative
error control
right to left




*
/
%
multiplication
division
modulus
left to right
+
-
.
addition
subtraction
concatenation
left to right
<<
>>
bitwise shift left
bitwise shift right
left to right
<
>
<=
>=
less than
greater than
less than or equal
greater than or equal
none
==
!=
===
!==
equal
not equal
identical
not identical
none
Fig. 26.27 PHP operator precedence and associativity.

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107
26.10 Operator Precedence
Operator Type Associativity
& bitwise AND left to right
^ bitwise XOR left to right
| bitwise OR left to right
&& logical AND left to right
|| logical OR left to right
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
&=
|=
^=
.=
<<=
>>=
assignment
addition assignment
subtraction assignment
multiplication assignment
division assignment
bitwise AND assignment
bitwise OR assignment
bitwise exclusive OR assignment
concatenation assignment
bitwise shift left assignment
bitwise shift right assignment
left to right
and logical AND left to right
xor exclusive OR left to right
or logical OR left to right
, list left to right
Fig. 26.27 PHP operator precedence and associativity.

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