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Course - 12 TCE

1. The document discusses electromagnetic field theory and covers topics like the energy of magnetic and electric fields, generalized magnetic forces, energy dissipation due to magnetic hysteresis, fundamental laws in magnetostatics including Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's theorems applied to magnetic circuits, and an application example. 2. Key magnetic parameters like magnetic induction, field intensity, flux, voltage, reluctance and permeance are defined and related to corresponding electric parameters such as current density, electric field strength, current, voltage, resistance and conductance. 3. Formulas are presented for the energy stored in magnetic fields with different numbers of coils, as well as the energy dissipated as heat due to magnetic hysteresis which depends

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Codrin Enea
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29 views10 pages

Course - 12 TCE

1. The document discusses electromagnetic field theory and covers topics like the energy of magnetic and electric fields, generalized magnetic forces, energy dissipation due to magnetic hysteresis, fundamental laws in magnetostatics including Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's theorems applied to magnetic circuits, and an application example. 2. Key magnetic parameters like magnetic induction, field intensity, flux, voltage, reluctance and permeance are defined and related to corresponding electric parameters such as current density, electric field strength, current, voltage, resistance and conductance. 3. Formulas are presented for the energy stored in magnetic fields with different numbers of coils, as well as the energy dissipated as heat due to magnetic hysteresis which depends

Uploaded by

Codrin Enea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field

Theory
1
Energy of magnetic field

= = = =
= = =
n
1 j
n
1 k
k j jk m
n
1 k
k jk
n
1 k
jk j
i i L
2
1
W i L + +
If n=1:
2
m
i L
2
1
W = If n=2:
( )
2
2 22 2 1 12
2
1 11 m
i L i i L 2 i L
2
1
W + + =
Energy of electric field

=
=
n
1 j
j j e
q V
2
1
W
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =

} }} }}}
=
n
1 i
i i
l
l
S
S
V
V e
V q V l V A V V
2
1
W d d d
If n=1, (case of one capacitor)
2 2
2
U C U q
W
e
= =
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
2
Generalized magnetic forces
There are imposed the next restrictive assumptions:
- the environment where there are the conductors is supposed to be linear, without hereditary
properties;
- there is supposed that all conductors are moving and are deformable. In this situation it is done
mechanical work to move or distorting the conductors system;
- the energy stored by magnetic field of the conductors' system depends on the initial and final
value of the electric current, so depends on the magnetic fluxes but not on their mode of
establishment.
L W i L W i
L W i i t i r t i e
t i i r
t
e i r e e
m
n
1 j
j j
n
1 j
j
n
1 j
mj
n
1 j
j j
j mj j j j j
2
j j j j
j j j
j
j j j jj j
d d d d d d
d d d d d d
d
d
d
+ = + =
+ = + =
= = +

= = = =
+ +
+ +
+

=
=
m
i
i i
x F L
1
d d
= =
+ =
m
1 i
i i m
n
1 j
j
j
x F W i d d d+
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
3
1)
j
= cst., so in the magnetic field there are not electromagnetic induction phenomena, so:
( )
1 1
1 1
1 2
1
d 0 d d
d d
d d
j
n m
j j m i i
m m
j i
m
i i i
m
i i
i m
m m m i
i
i
m
i cst .
i
i W F x
W
F x x
x W
W f x , x ,..., x W x
x
W
F
x
= =
= =
=
+ =

+ = = +

c
=

c c

= =

c
=
c

2) i
j
= cst.
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
d d d d d d
2 2
j
n n m n m
j j j j i i m j j i i
j j i j i
m
i i cst .
i
i i F x W i F x
W
F
x
= = = = =
=
+ = + + = + =
c
=
c

For the first case the mechanic work of the generalized forces is done by the energy stored in the
magnetic field, decreasing this value.
For the second case the mechanic work of the generalized forces is done by power sources. The
energy of the magnetic field is constant.
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
4
Energy dissipated as heat effect by magnetic hysteresis
+
+ +
d d d d
d
d
d
d
i t i R t i u t i
t
i R u i R
t
u
2
+ = + = =
N
l H
i i N l H i N l H
m
m
l
m
= = =
}

d
B A N A N B A B
l
S
d d d = = =
}}

+ +
} }
= = = =
C
m
m
C
m
m
m
B H
V
W
w B H V W B A N
N
l H
W d d d d
} } } } }
+ + + = = =
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 C
m
B H B H B H B H B H S w d d d d d
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
5
Each integral of four of the last relationship is
numerically equal to the area contained between that
portion and the vertical axis.
The area S
1
is from dimensional point of view a specific
energy provided by power source to magnetize until
saturation each volume element.
The area S
2
is the returned energy of each volume
element to the power source; the area S
3
energy
provided by power source to magnetize again each
volume element; S
4
returned energy of each volume
element to the power source. The sum of the areas is
equal to S that is the hysteresis cycle surface,
proportional with dissipated energy by heat effect.
The magnetic hysteresis depends on external
parameters like temperature, frequency of the magnetic
field and any weak mechanic stress. The dissipated
specific power lost by heat effect, p
H
, could be
expressed by an empirical formula:
n
max H H
B f p o =
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
6
Fundamental laws in magnetostatic field
Ohms law for linear magnetic circuits
Statement: in any magnetic flux tube the
magnetic flux is conserved.
+ = + = +

= + = + =
+ + =
}} }} }}
}} }} }} }}


2 1
3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
0 d , d , d
d d d d
3 2 1
3 2 1
S S S
S S S S
A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B
2 2 2 2
12
1 1 1 1
2
12
1
d d d
d
d 1

u
= = = = u

= = = u

} } } }
}
m
m m m
B l l l
U H l
A A
l
R U R
A
where R
m
is magnetic reluctance, magnetic permeance
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
7
First theorem of Kirchhoff applied to linear magnetic circuits
Theorem statement: the algebraic sum of magnetic fluxes from the sides of a
magnetic circuit node is equal to zero.

}} }} }}
}} }} }} }}
=


= = +
= = =
= + + =
p
1 j
j 3 2 1
3
S
3 3 2
S
2 2 1
S
1 1
S
3 3
S
2 2
S
1 1
S
0 0
A B , A B , A B
0 A B A B A B A B
3 2 1
3 2 1
u u u u
u u u d d d
d d d d
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
8
Second theorem of Kirchhoff for linear magnetic circuits
Theorem statement: inside the closed contour of a
magnetic circuit the algebraic sum of solenations is
equal to algebraic sum of magnetic voltages on the
same contour.


}

} }

}
= = =
= = =

= =

=

=

= =
= = =
= = = =
p
1 j
mj j
p
1 j
j
p
1 j
j j
p
1 j
mj j
p
1 j
l
j j
j
j
p
1 j
l
j j
j j
l
p
1 j
l
j
j j
p
1 j
l
j
j
j
p
1 j
l
j j
p
1 j
j j
l
R i N
R
A
l
A
l
l H
l B
l
B
l H i N l H
j j
j j j
+ u
+

+

d d
d
d
d d d
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
9
Application example of Kirchhoffs theorems for magnetic circuits
( )
( )

+ =
+ + = +
= + +
2 0 m 2 m 3 3 m 2 2
2 0 m 2 m 1 1 m 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
R R R i N
R R R i N i N
0
+ +
+ +
+ + +
A
R ,
A
b a
R ,
A
b
R ,
A
b a
R
0 m 3 m 2 m 1 m

o

o

=
+
=

=
+
=
Course 12 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
10
Magnetic parameters Electric parameters
Magnetic induction, B Current density, J
Magnetic field intensity, H Strength of the electric field, E
Magnetic flux, | Intensity of electric current, I
Magnetic voltage, U
m
Electric voltage, U
Magnetic reluctance, R
m
Electric resistance, R
Magnetic permeance, Electric conductance, G
Solenation, u Electromotive voltage, e

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