SWITCH MODE

POWER SUPPLY
Guided By:
Prepared By:
Mr. M. A. Mulla Raj
Rakesh (U06EE542)
B.
Tech IV, EED, SVNIT
Overview……
Ø Introduction.
Ø A Brief History Of Development.
Ø Factors Behind The SMPS Evolution.
Ø Common Topologies.
Ø Principle Of Operation.
Ø Steady State Analysis.
Ø Advantages.
Ø Drawbacks.
Ø Areas Of Application.
Ø
Introduction to SMPS……
Switch Mode Power Supplies i.e. SMPSs are the
consequence
of the never ending urge of smaller and lighter yet

efficient
power supply to our electrical and electronic
devices.


The majority of electronic DC loads are supplied

from the
standard power sources. Unfortunately, standard
source
voltages may not match the levels required by motors,

microprocessors, LEDs, or other loads.


Battery-powered devices are prime examples of the
problem:
the typical voltage of a standard Li+ cell is either

too high or
low or drops too far during discharge to be used.

Considering the multiple DC voltage levels required

by many
electronic devices, we need a way to convert standard

power-
source potentials into the voltages dictated by the

load.


SMPS i.e. Switch Mode Power Supply

 is the solution
for the
 A Brief History Of
Development…
Earlier developed models of SMPSs were highly
ineffective.
In the mid 1960s, it was popular to say that the
switch mode
power supplies were one microsecond away from
disaster.


Even the manufacturers did not completely understand

the
various failure mechanisms of their new bipolar
power
transistors. And the users tend to worsen the problem

by
doing things like connecting these devices in
parallel for
Designs that seem to be perfect in lab failed in
field. On the
other hand if the design did well in the field, the

designers
have no idea why it did.

In fact they may not have been so called power

supply
designers at all, but rather general purpose

engineers who
have to design their own power supplies as a

necessary
evil along with their other more important modules.

Or they
may have been young engineers who were handed power
Therefore, despite the apparent size, weight and
efficiency
advantages of SMPSs, it took many years for them to

be
generally accepted.

But by contrast, today the high reliability of SMPSs

is taken
for granted and are being extensively used

everywhere.

 Factors Behind The SMPS
Evolution
Ø Materials used for the manufacturing are better.
Ø The manufacturing techniques are far superior and
precise.
Ø An overall improved design i.e. well electrical,
mechanical and thermal design.
Ø The devices are better and their general
understanding has improved too.
Ø Now the designers are more equipped with several
simulation softwares and have a sound background
with specialization in power electronics
devices.

Common Topologies……
Presently numerous topologies are being used
according to
the requirement of the specific device.

But there are three basic topologies based upon the

function
of conversion.
Ø Buck i.e. Step Down.
Ø Boost i.e. Step Up.
Ø Buck- Boost i.e. Inverter.

Buck i.e. Step Down……
The buck converter is a step-down converter that
changes a
higher input voltage to a lower output voltage.

Fig 1. Circuit diagram of Buck converter

Boost i.e. Step Up……
The Boost converter is similar to Buck but instead
of
stepping down the input voltage, the output voltage

is higher than the input voltage.

 Fig 2. Circuit diagram of Boost converter

Buck Boost i.e. Inverter……
This topology is used where we need to step up and
step
down the output voltage simultaneously.


Fig 3. Circuit diagram of Buck Boost converter
Principle Of Operation……
All three fundamental topologies include a MOSFET
switch, a
diode, an output capacitor, and an inductor. The

MOSFET,
which is the actively controlled component in the

circuit, is
interfaced to a controller . The controller applies a

pulse
width modulated (PWM) square-wave signal to the

MOSFET's gate, thereby switching the device on and

off.

Doing so it varies the duty cycle D of the square
wave signal
which directly affects the output voltage of the
SMPS.
 D = TON /TS ….(1)


To maintain a constant output voltage, the controller

senses
the SMPS output voltage and varies the duty cycle (D)

of the
square-wave signal, dictating how long the MOSFET is

on
during each switching period (T ).
S

The on and off states of the MOSFET divide the SMPS
circuit
into two phases: a charge phase and a discharge

phase, both
of which describe the energy transfer of the

inductor.
Energy stored in the inductor during the charging

phase is
transferred to the output load and capacitor during

the
discharge phase.


Fig 4.Voltage and current characteristics for a steady-state
inductor
The capacitor supports the load while the inductor
is
charging and sustains the output voltage. This
cyclical
transfer of energy between the circuit elements
maintains
the output voltage at the proper value, in accordance

with
its topology.

The inductor is central to the energy transfer from

source to
load during each switching cycle. Without it, the

SMPS would
not function when the MOSFET is switched.
Energy stored in the inductor L is given by,


 E = 0.5 L*I2 ….(2)



Thus the change in energy of inductor depends upon

the
change in its current (ΔI ) which depends upon
L
voltage (VL)
across the inductor.

 ΔIL = VL * ΔT/ L ….(3)

•
During the charge phase, the MOSFET is on, the diode
is
reverse biased and energy is transferred from the

voltage
source to the inductor. Inductor current ramps up

because
V is positive. Also, the output capacitance transfers
L
the
energy it stored from the previous cycle to the load

in order
to maintain a constant output voltage.


During the discharge phase, the MOSFET turns off, and
the
diode becomes forward biased and, therefore, conducts.

As
the source is no longer charging the inductor it

swaps the
polarity and discharges energy to the load and
replenishes
the capacitor.

The inductor current ramps down as it imparts energy,

according to the transfer relationship given by eqn

(3).
The charge/discharge cycles repeat and maintain a
steady
state switching condition. During the circuit's
progression to
a steady state, inductor current builds up to its
final level,
which is a superposition of DC current and the
ramped AC
current (or inductor ripple current) developed during

the
two circuit phases.

So, in summary, energy is shuttled between the source,

the
inductor, and the output capacitor to maintain a


To deliver the true DC current to output, we need to

filter the
ripple current. This is done by the output capacitor

which
let the high frequency AC to pass through it. The

unwanted
output ripple current passes through the output

capacitor,
and maintains the capacitor's charge as the current

passes to
ground. So it stabilizes output voltage also.


Steady State Analysis……
To be in a steady state, a variable that repeats with
period TS
must be equal at the beginning and end of each

period.


As the inductor current is periodic, due to the

charge and
discharge phases described previously, the inductor
current
at the beginning of the PWM period must equal
inductor
current at the end. This means that the change in
inductor
current during the charge phase (ΔI
CHARGE ) must equal
the
Equating the change in inductor current for the


charge and
discharge phases, an interesting result is achieved,


which is
also referred to as the volt second rule:


 |ΔICHARGE | = |ΔIDISCHARGE |

 ⇒ |VCHARGE *D* TS/L| = |VDISCHARGE *(1 – D)*TS/L|

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law we have,


 VCHARGE = VIN - VOUT &

VDISHARGE = -VOUT

Thus we have,


 |VIN - VOUT | * D = |-VOUT | * (1 – D)

 ⇒ VOUT /VIN = D
….(4)
Also for an ideal circuit,


 PIN = POUT ⇒ VIN *IIN

= VOUT *IOUT

 IIN /IOUT = D ….(5)

Topology VC Ratio CC Ratio

Buck D D


Boost 1/(1-D) 1/(1-D)

Inverter D/(1-D) D/(1-D)

Why do we prefer SMPS ?
The linear regulators can do the same but still we
prefer the
SMPS because:

Ø Higher Efficiency.
Ø Compactness and Light Weight.
Ø Easier PFC support.
Ø Less Thermal Management Requirement.
Ø Enhanced Lifetime and Reliability.
Ø
Ø
Ø SMPS has higher efficiency, almost 90% which is
too high
 as compared to 50% efficiency of linear
regulators.


SMPS has higher efficiency, almost 90% which is too

high as
compared to 50% efficiency of linear regulators.
While a
linear regulator maintains the desired output
voltage by
dissipating excess power in a pass power transistor,

the
SMPS switches a power transistor between saturation
and
cut off region. Thus saving a lot of power as
Ø SMPSs are smaller and light weight as compared to
line
 regulators.
It switches at a much higher frequency (tens to

hundreds of
kHz). So the low frequency transformers which are

bulky and
heavy weight are eliminated, reducing the size of

SMPS.


Ø Linear regulators can only step down the voltage

but SMPS can be selected to fit any output
voltage i.e. they can be used for step up, step
down or in inverter mode.


Ø


Ø Thermal management requirements of SMPS are

 comparatively lesser due to the low power loss.
PFC is the process that insures that the input

voltages and
currents from the AC power line into a power supply

are in
phase to achieve a “Unity Power Factor”. PFC is very
costly to
achieve in a linear power supply.

Ø All these factors like less losses, higher

efficiency, lesser thermal footprints, considered
together make the SMPS much reliable and
increases their lifetime.

Drawbacks Of SMPS……
ØSMPS radiates EM interference and conduct
noise.


Electric fields are caused by the rapid changing of

voltage at
the inductor node while the fast-switching currents

of the
charge/discharge loops produce magnetic fields.

Noise is propagated to input and output circuits

when SMPS
capacitances and PCB parasitics present higher

impedances
to switching currents.


Ø SMPSs can be quite complex and require additional
 external components, both of which can equate to
an
 increase in overall cost of the power supply.
Ø
But good component placement and PCB layout


techniques
take good care of the EMI and noise problems.


Choosing correct components according to the



datasheet of
the SMPS ICs may keep the complexities away.

Areas Of Application ……
SMPS’s are having wide range of applications. Some of
them
are….

Ø Machine tool industries.

Ø Security systems (Close Circuit Cameras).
Ø In computers and other electronic accessories.
Ø Support supplies with PLC’s.
Ø ESPs of power plants.
•
THANK YOU