William W.-Y.

Liang @ NTUT CSIE

Note: The Copyrights of the referenced slides go to its original author listed in each slide.
As a result, this slide is provided for internal reference only!
System Integration for
the Android Operating System
William W.-Y. Liang (), Ph. D.
Assistant Professor
Dept. Computer Science and Information Engineering
National Taipei University of Technology
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
Android Handsets
2 SJU 2004-04 Android
Motorola Cliq
HTC G1
HTC Hero Samsung i7500
Samsung Moment
Motorola Droid
HTC Magic
HTC Tattoo
Sony X10
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
What is Android?
An Open Platform for Mobile Development
A hardware reference design for mobiles
A Linux operating system kernel
Open source libraries
A run time environment
An application framework and UI framework
Some pre-installed applications
Software Development Kit
Android brings Internet-style innovation and
openness to mobile phones.
3 SJU 2004-04 Android
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
2010 Prediction
4 SJU 2004-04 Android
DIGITIMES2009/12
Near 9% Increment
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
A Prediction by Gartner
5 SJU 2004-04 Android
Android currently runs on less than 2% of all smartphones.
Predicted forecast for smartphone OSs by
2012:
Symbian, 203 million devices sold (39% of the
market)
Android, 76 million devices sold (14.5% of the
market)
iPhone, 71.5 million devices sold (13.7% of
the market)
Windows Mobile, 68.8 million devices sold
(12.8% of the market)
BlackBerry, 62.25 million devices sold (12.5%
of the market)
Palms WebOS, 11 million devices sold (2.1%
of the market)
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
6 SJU 2004-04 Android
About Android
Based on Slides in Discussion on Android, Mobile SIG, Larry Copeland
Android is a software platform and operating system mainly for
mobile devices based on the Linux operating system
developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance.
It allows developers to write managed application code in Java
language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries.
The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was
announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance
(OHA), a consortium of 34 hardware, software, and telecom
companies, such as Qualcomm, TI, Broadcom, Intel, Marvell,
Nvidia, SiRF, WindRiver, T-Mobile, Sprint Nextel, China Mobile,
KDDI, NTT DoCoMo, Motorola, Samsung, HTC, etc., devoted
to advancing open standards for mobile devices.
Google has made most of the Android platform available under
the Apache free-software and open-source license, in Oct.
2008 (to prevent the GPL obstacle problem in commercializing
open sources for industry companies.)
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
7 SJU 2004-04 Android
The First Complete Android Phone
T-Mobile G1
Qualcomm MSM7201A, 528 MHz
ROM: 256 MB, RAM: 192 MB
Touch screen (320x480)
Real Web browsing capabilities
3.2 MP camera
Customizable screen
QWERTY keyboard
Trackball
3G WCDMA, Quad-band GSM, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.0
Software:
Easy access to Google applications
Maps (including satellite, traffic, and
street views), Gmail, YouTube,
Calendar, Google Talk
IM/text/e-mail
Music player, Video playback
One-click Google Search
Android Market
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
Google Nexus One
8 SJU 2004-04 Android
Source:
http://blog.xuite.net/jon
6773/blog/29930408
Estimated BOM Cost: US$174
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
SJU 2004-04 Android
Android Architecture
9
9
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
10 SJU 2004-04 Android
The Linux Kernel
Based on Slides in Smart Phone, by Xiaohua Du and Xiaoyi Sheng
Android differs from the typical GNU/Linux in that
it adopts only the Linux kernel, not everything.
The first process init transfers to Androids own
application environment.
There is no shell by default, except using adb.
BSD libc is used instead of glibc or uClibc.
As a result, it is called Android/Linux, not
GNU/Linux.
Why Linux?
Great memory and process management
Permissions-based security model
Proven driver model
Support for shared libraries
Its already open source!
Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system
services such as security, memory management, process
management, network stack, and driver model.
Android relies on Linux version 2.6.25 and above for
Android releases (1.0, 1.1, 1.5, and 2.0).
The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the
hardware and the rest of the software stack.
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
11 SJU 2004-04 Android
Android Runtime
11
Provide most of the functionality available in the core libraries
of the Java programming language
Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own
instance of the Dalvik virtual machine.
Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs
efficiently.
The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex)
format (Binary code) which is optimized for minimal memory
footprint.
The VM is register-based, and runs classes compiled by a
Java language compiler that have been transformed into
the .dex format by the included "dx" tool.
The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for
underlying functionality such as threading and
low-level memory management.
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
12 SJU 2004-04 Android
Development Tools for Android Applications
Currently supported development platforms include x86-based
computers running Linux (any Linux Distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.8 or
later, Windows XP or Vista.
The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development
tools, including a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (QEMU),
documentations, sample code, and tutorials.
http://developer.android.com/sdk/
Android Virtual Device (AVD)
Requirements also include Java Development Kit (JDK 5 or 6).
The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is
Eclipse (3.3 or 3.4) with the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.
http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/
Eclipse Android Plug-in: https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/
Android Developers Website
http://developer.android.com/index.html
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
13 SJU 2004-04 Android
The IDE for Android
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
14 SJU 2004-04 Android
Android SDK
Based on slides from GreenLiff
ADT: Android Development Tool, an Eclipe plugin
Two debuggers
adb: Android Debug Bridge
ddms: Dalvik Debug Monitor Server
aapk: Android Application package tool
All resources are bundled into an archive, called apk file.
dx: java byte code to Dalvik executable translator
Android emulator: QEMU
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
15 SJU 2004-04 Android
Major Elements in Application Framework
Activity
Intent and Intent-Filter
Service
Content Provider
Broadcast Receiver

Activities
UI component typically
corresponding to one screen.
BroadcastReceivers Respond to broadcast Intents.
Services
Faceless tasks that run in the
background.
ContentProviders
Enable applications to share
data.
Android Version API Level Release Time
2.1 7 2010.01
2.0.1 6 2009.12
2.0 5 2009.10
1.6 4 2009.09
1.5 3 2009.04
1.1 2 2009.02
1.0 1 2008.09
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
16 SJU 2004-04 Android
Activity
Slides from Deep inside Android, Gilles Printemps, Esmertec
Displays a user interface component and responds to
system/user.
When an application has a user interface, it contains one
or more Activities.
An existing Activity can be replaced with a new one that
fulfill the same contract (intent).
Each Activity can be invoked from other applications.
Adding a new Activity in an Android project
The new Java class must extend the framework Activity
class.
Created Activity must be defined into the applications
Manifest.xml.
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
Activity (contd)
Each activity is given a default window to draw in. Typically, the
window fills the screen, but it might be smaller than the screen and
float on top of other windows.
The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views
objects derived from the base View class.
Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use
including buttons, text fields, scroll bars, menu items, check boxes,
and more.
A view hierarchy is placed within an activity's window by
the Activity.setContentView() method. The content view is the View
object at the root of the hierarchy.
17 SJU 2004-04 Android
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
User Interface
18 SJU 2004-04 Android
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
19 SJU 2004-04 Android
Life Cycle of an Activity
Life cycle not directly controlled
by application
System can kill an application to
free up memory.
Controll through onCreate(),
onPause(), onStop() ... methods
Based on Slides from GreenLiff
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
An Example
20 SJU 2004-04 Android
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
21 SJU 2004-04 Android
Intents/Intent Filters
Slides from Deep inside Android, Gilles Printemps, Esmertec
Example:
Intent newActivity = new Intent(MyActivity.this, OtherActivity.class);
startActivity(newActivity);
Provide a late runtime (asynchronous) binding between the code in
different applications (for activities, services, and broadcast receivers)
Intents: Simple message objects that represent an intention to do
something
Intent Filters: A declaration of capacity and interest in offering
assistance to those in need
An intent is made up a number of pieces of information describing
the action or the service. (Specifically for activities and services)
action -- The general action to be performed, such as
ACTION_VIEW, ACTION_EDIT, ACTION_MAIN, etc.
data -- The data to operate on, such as a person record in the
contacts database, expressed as a URI (Universe Resource
Identifier).
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
22 SJU 2004-04 Android
Services
Similar to activities, but without UI
For long-running background tasks
Framework Service class must be extended
Slides from Deep inside Android, Gilles Printemps, Esmertec
Exampe:
startService(new Intent(this_activity.this, some_service.class));
Core Services
Activity Manager
Package Manager
Window Manager
Resource Manager
Content Providers
View System
Hardware Services
Telephony Service
Location Service
Bluetooth Service
WiFi Service
USB Service
Sensor Service
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
23 SJU 2004-04 Android
Binder
Slides from "Android Anatomy and Physiology," Patrick Brady
Problem to solve
Applications and Services may run in separate processes but must
communicate and share data.
IPC can introduce significant processing overhead and security
holes.
Solution
Driver to facilitate inter-process communication (IPC)
High performance through shared memory
Reference counting, and mapping of object references across
processes
Synchronous calls between processes
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
24
Binder Example
SJU 2004-04 Android
Activity
Mp3PlayerWithService
Service
mp3Service
Binder
Mp3PlayerBinder
IBinder
A more complex IPC: AIDL - Android
Interface Definition Language
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
The Library Layer
25 SJU 2004-04 Android
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
26 SJU 2004-04 Android
App Runtime Service lib
Slides from "Android Anatomy and Physiology," Patrick Brady
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William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
27 SJU 2004-04 Android
Example
Slides from "Android Anatomy and Physiology," Patrick Brady
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
Traditional Linux Model vs. Android Model
28 SJU 2004-04 Android
native C program
glibc & shared libs
Kernel
Hardware
System call
Hardware
System call
Kernel
JNI
bionic & shared libs
Android Framework
Application Service
getService ()
JNI Method
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
Shared Library
29 SJU 2004-04 Android
class HelloWorld {
public native void helloworld();
static {
System.loadLibrary("hello");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new HelloWorld().helloworld();
}
}
JNI: Java Native Interface
Standard interface between Java and C/C++
Libraries offer some form of sharing, allowing the same
library to be used by multiple programs at the same time.
Dynamic loading
Sharing
Examples
DLL (Dynamic Link Library): Windows
SO (Shared Object): Linux/Unix
NTUT CSIE
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
30 SJU 2004-04 Android
Hardware Abstraction Layer
Slides from "Android Anatomy and Physiology," Patrick Brady
William W.-Y. Liang @ NTUT CSIE
Note: The Copyrights of the referenced slides go to its original author listed in each slide.
As a result, this slide is provided for internal reference only!
Q & A