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Introduction & Fundamentals

What is Software Testing?
Why testing is necessary?
Who does the testing?
What has to be tested?
When is testing done?
How often to test?


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Most Common Software problems

Incorrect calculation
Incorrect data edits & ineffective data
edits
Incorrect matching and merging of data
Data searches that yields incorrect
results
Incorrect processing of data
relationship
Incorrect coding / implementation of
business rules
Inadequate software performance

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Confusing or misleading data
Software usability by end users &
Obsolete Software
Inconsistent processing
Unreliable results or performance
Inadequate support of business needs
Incorrect or inadequate interfaces
with other systems
Inadequate performance and security
controls
Incorrect file handling
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Objectives of testing
Executing a program with the intent of
finding an error.
To check if the system meets the
requirements and be executed
successfully in the Intended environment.
To check if the system is Fit for purpose.
To check if the system does what it is
expected to do.
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Objectives of testing

A good test case is one that has a
probability of finding an as yet
undiscovered error.
A successful test is one that uncovers a
yet undiscovered error.
A good test is not redundant.
A good test should be best of breed.
A good test should neither be too simple
nor too complex.
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Objective of a Software Tester
Find bugs as early as possible and make sure
they get fixed.
To understand the application well.
Study the functionality in detail to find where the
bugs are likely to occur.
Study the code to ensure that each and every
line of code is tested.
Create test cases in such a way that testing is
done to uncover the hidden bugs and also
ensure that the software is usable and reliable

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VERIFICATION & VALIDATION

Verification - typically involves reviews and meeting
to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements,
and specifications. This can be done with checklists,
issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meeting.

Validation - typically involves actual testing and
takes place after verifications are completed.

Validation and Verification process continue in
a cycle till the software becomes defects free.

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TESTABILITY

Operability
Observe-ability
Controllability
Decomposability
Stability
Understandability
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Plan
Do
Check
Action
Software Development Process Cycle
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PLAN (P): Device a plan. Define your objective and
determine the strategy and supporting methods
required to achieve that objective.

DO (D): Execute the plan. Create the conditions
and perform the necessary training to execute the
plan.

CHECK (C): Check the results. Check to determine
whether work is progressing according to the plan
and whether the results are obtained.

ACTION (A): Take the necessary and appropriate
action if checkup reveals that the work is not being
performed according to plan or not as anticipated.

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QUALITY PRINCIPLES

Quality - the most important factor affecting an
organizations long-term performance.

Quality - the way to achieve improved
productivity and competitiveness in
any organization.

Quality - saves. It does not cost.

Quality - is the solution to the problem, not a
problem.

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Cost of Quality

Prevention Cost
Amount spent before the product is actually
built. Cost incurred on establishing methods
and procedures, training workers, acquiring
tools and planning for quality.

Appraisal cost
Amount spent after the product is built but
before it is shipped to the user. Cost of
inspection, testing, and reviews.

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Failure Cost

Amount spent to repair failures.
Cost associated with defective products
that have been delivered to the user or
moved into production, costs involve
repairing products to make them fit as per
requirement.
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Quality Assurance Quality Control
A planned and systematic
set of activities necessary to
provide adequate confidence
that requirements are
properly established and
products or services conform
to specified requirements.
The process by which
product quality is compared
with applicable standards;
and the action taken when
non-conformance is
detected.
An activity that establishes
and evaluates the processes
to produce the products.
An activity which verifies if
the product meets pre-
defined standards.
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Quality Assurance Quality Control
Helps establish processes. Implements the process.
Sets up measurements
programs to evaluate
processes.
Verifies if specific
attributes are in a specific
product or Service
Identifies weaknesses in
processes and improves
them.
Identifies defects for the
primary purpose of
correcting defects.
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QA is the responsibility of
the entire team.
QC is the responsibility of the
tester.
Prevents the introduction of
issues or defects
Detects, reports and corrects
defects
QA evaluates whether or not
quality control is working for
the primary purpose of
determining whether or not
there is a weakness in the
process.
QC evaluates if the application
is working for the primary
purpose of determining if there
is a flaw / defect in the
functionalities.
Responsibilities of QA and QC
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QA improves the process
that is applied to multiple
products that will ever be
produced by a process.
QC improves the
development of a specific
product or service.
QA personnel should not
perform quality control
unless doing it to validate
quality control is working.
QC personnel may perform
quality assurance tasks if
and when required.
Responsibilities of QA and QC
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SEI CMM

Software Engineering Institute (SEI) developed Capability
Maturity Model (CMM)

CMM describes the prime elements - planning, engineering,
managing software development and maintenance

CMM can be used for

Software process improvement
Software process assessment
Software capability evaluations



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The CMM is organized into five maturity level
Initial
Level 1
Repeatable
Level 2
Defined
Level 3
Managed
Level 4
Optimizing
Level 5
Disciplined Process
Standard Consistence
Process
Predictable Process
Continuous
Improvement Process
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Phases of SDLC

Requirement Specification and
Analysis
Design
Coding
Testing
Implementation
Maintenance
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE (SDLC)
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Requirement Specification
and Analysis
User Requirement
Specification (USR)
Software Requirement
Specification (SRS)
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The output of SRS is the input of design phase.

Two types of design -

High Level Design (HLD)
Low Level Design (LLD)
Design
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List of modules and a brief description of each
module.
Brief functionality of each module.
Interface relationship among modules.
Dependencies between modules (if A exists, B
exists etc).
Database tables identified along with key
elements.
Overall architecture diagrams along with
technology details.
High Level Design (HLD)

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Detailed functional logic of the module, in
pseudo code.
Database tables, with all elements,
including their type and size.
All interface details.
All dependency issues
Error message listings
Complete input and outputs for a module.
Low Level Design (LLD)
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Breaking down the product into independent
modules to arrive at micro levels.

2 different approaches followed in designing

Top Down Approach
Bottom Up Approach
The Design process
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Top-down approach
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Bottom-Up Approach
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Coding
Developers use the LLD document and
write the code in the programming language
specified.

Testing
The testing process involves development of
a test plan, executing the plan and
documenting the test results.

Implementation
Installation of the product in its operational
environment.
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Maintenance
After the software is released and the client starts
using the software, maintenance phase is started.

3 things happen - Bug fixing, Upgrade, Enhancement

Bug fixing bugs arrived due to some untested
scenarios.

Upgrade Upgrading the application to the newer
versions of the software.

Enhancement - Adding some new features into the
existing software.
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SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE MODELS

WATERFALL MODEL

V-PROCESS MODEL

SPIRAL MODEL

PROTOTYPE MODEL

INCREMENTAL MODEL

EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT
MODEL
Project Management
Project Staffing

Project Planning

Project Scheduling
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Project Staffing

Project budget may not allow to utilize
highly paid staff.

Staff with the appropriate experience may not
be available.
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Project Planning
Plan Description
Quality plan Describes the quality procedures and
standards used in a project.
Validation plan Describes the approach, resources and
schedule used for system validation.
Configuration
management plan
Describes the configuration management
procedures and structures to be used.
Maintenance
plan
Predicts the maintenance requirements of the
system/ maintenance costs and efforts
required.
Staff
development plan
Describes how the skills and experience of
the project team members will be developed.
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Project Scheduling
Bar charts and Activity Networks

Scheduling problems

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RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Planning
Risk Monitoring
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Risk Risk
type
Description
Staff
turnover
Project Experienced staff will leave the
project before it is finished.
Management
change
Project There will be a change of
organizational management with
different priorities.
Hardware
unavailability
Project Hardware which is essential for the
project will not be delivered on
schedule.
Requirements
change
Project &
Product
There will be a larger number of
changes to the requirements than
anticipated.
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Risk Risk
type
Description
Specification
delays
Project &
Product
Specifications of essential
interfaces are not available on
schedule.
Size under
estimate
Project &
Product
The size of the system has been
under estimated.
CASE tool under
performance
Product CASE tools which support the
project do not perform as
anticipated.
Technology
change
Business The underlying technology on
which the system is built is
superseded by new technology.
Product
competition
Business A competitive product is marketed
before the system is completed.
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PC version
Initial system
DEC
version
VMS
version
Unix
version
Mainframe
version
Workstation
version
Configuration Management
Sun
version
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Configuration Management (CM)
Standards

CM should be based on a set of standards,
which are applied within an organization.
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CM Planning

Documents, required for future system
maintenance, should be identified and included
as managed documents.

It defines the types of documents to be
managed and a document naming scheme.
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Change Management


Keeping and managing the changes and
ensuring that they are implemented in the most
cost-effective way.
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Change Request form
A part of the CM planning process

Records change required
Change suggested by
Reason why change was suggested
Urgency of change
Records change evaluation
Impact analysis
Change cost
Recommendations(system maintenance staff)
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VERSION AND RELEASE MANAGEMENT

Invent identification scheme for system
versions and plan when new system version is
to be produced.

Ensure that version management procedures
and tools are properly applied and to plan and
distribute new system releases.
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Versions/Variants/Releases
Variant An instance of a system which is
functionally identical but non functionally
distinct from other instances of a system.

Versions An instance of a system, which is
functionally distinct in some way from other
system instances.

Release An instance of a system, which is
distributed to users outside of the development
team.
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SOFTWARE TESTING LIFECYCLE -
PHASES

Requirements study

Test Case Design and
Development

Test Execution

Test Closure

Test Process Analysis
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Requirements study

Testing Cycle starts with the study of clients
requirements.

Understanding of the requirements is very
essential for testing the product.

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Analysis & Planning

Test objective and coverage
Overall schedule
Standards and Methodologies
Resources required, including necessary
training
Roles and responsibilities of the team
members
Tools used
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Test Case Design and Development

Component Identification
Test Specification Design
Test Specification Review

Test Execution

Code Review
Test execution and evaluation
Performance and simulation

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Test Closure

Test summary report
Project De-brief
Project Documentation

Test Process Analysis

Analysis done on the reports and improving the
applications performance by implementing new
technology and additional features.
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Testing Levels
Unit testing
Integration testing
System testing
Acceptance testing
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Unit testing

The most micro scale of testing.
Tests done on particular functions or code
modules.
Requires knowledge of the internal program
design and code.
Done by Programmers (not by testers).

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Unit testing
Objectives To test the function of a program or unit of
code such as a program or module
To test internal logic
To verify internal design
To test path & conditions coverage
To test exception conditions & error
handling
When After modules are coded
Input Internal Application Design
Master Test Plan
Unit Test Plan
Output Unit Test Report
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Who Developer
Methods White Box testing techniques
Test Coverage techniques
Tools Debug
Re-structure
Code Analyzers
Path/statement coverage tools
Education Testing Methodology
Effective use of tools
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Incremental integration testing

Continuous testing of an application as and
when a new functionality is added.

Applications functionality aspects are required
to be independent enough to work separately
before completion of development.

Done by programmers or testers.
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Integration Testing

Testing of combined parts of an application to
determine their functional correctness.

Parts can be
code modules
individual applications
client/server applications on a network.
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Types of Integration Testing

Big Bang testing

Top Down Integration testing

Bottom Up Integration testing
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Integration testing
Objectives To technically verify proper
interfacing between modules, and
within sub-systems
When After modules are unit tested
Input Internal & External Application
Design
Master Test Plan
Integration Test Plan
Output Integration Test report
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Who Developers
Methods White and Black Box
techniques
Problem /
Configuration
Management
Tools Debug
Re-structure
Code Analyzers
Education Testing Methodology
Effective use of tools
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System Testing


Objectives
To verify that the system components perform
control functions
To perform inter-system test
To demonstrate that the system performs both
functionally and operationally as specified
To perform appropriate types of tests relating
to Transaction Flow, Installation, Reliability,
Regression etc.
When
After Integration Testing
Input
Detailed Requirements & External Application
Design
Master Test Plan
System Test Plan
Output
System Test Report
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Who Development Team and Users
Methods Problem / Configuration
Management
Tools Recommended set of tools
Education Testing Methodology
Effective use of tools
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Systems Integration Testing
Objectives
To test the co-existence of products and
applications that are required to perform
together in the production-like operational
environment (hardware, software, network)
To ensure that the system functions together
with all the components of its environment as a
total system
To ensure that the system releases can be
deployed in the current environment
When
After system testing
Often performed outside of project life-cycle
Input
Test Strategy
Master Test Plan
Systems Integration Test Plan
Output
Systems Integration Test report
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Who System Testers
Methods White and Black Box techniques
Problem / Configuration
Management
Tools Recommended set of tools
Education Testing Methodology
Effective use of tools
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Acceptance Testing
Objectives To verify that the system meets
the user requirements
When After System Testing
Input Business Needs & Detailed
Requirements
Master Test Plan
User Acceptance Test Plan
Output User Acceptance Test report
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Who Users / End Users
Methods Black Box techniques
Problem / Configuration
Management
Tools Compare, keystroke capture & playback,
regression testing
Education Testing Methodology
Effective use of tools
Product knowledge
Business Release Strategy
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TESTING METHODOLOGIES
AND TYPES
Testing methodologies

Black box testing

White box testing

Incremental testing

Thread testing
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Black box testing
No knowledge of internal design or code
required.
Tests are based on requirements and
functionality
White box testing
Knowledge of the internal program design
and code required.
Tests are based on coverage of code
statements,branches,paths,conditions.

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Incorrect or missing functions
Interface errors
Errors in data structures or external database
access
Performance errors
Initialization and termination errors
Black Box - testing technique
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Black box / Functional testing

Based on requirements and functionality

Not based on any knowledge of internal
design or code

Covers all combined parts of a system

Tests are data driven
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White box testing / Structural testing

Based on knowledge of internal logic of an
application's code

Based on coverage of code statements,
branches, paths, conditions

Tests are logic driven
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Functional testing
Black box type testing geared to functional
requirements of an application.
Done by testers.
System testing
Black box type testing that is based on overall
requirements specifications; covering all combined
parts of the system.
End-to-end testing
Similar to system testing; involves testing of a
complete application environment in a situation that
mimics real-world use.
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Sanity testing

Initial effort to determine if a new software
version is performing well enough to accept
it for a major testing effort.

Regression testing

Re-testing after fixes or modifications of the
software or its environment.

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Acceptance testing

Final testing based on specifications of the
end-user or customer

Load testing

Testing an application under heavy loads.
Eg. Testing of a web site under a range of
loads to determine, when the system
response time degraded or fails.
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Stress Testing

Testing under unusually heavy loads, heavy
repetition of certain actions or inputs, input of
large numerical values, large complex queries
to a database etc.
Term often used interchangeably with load
and performance testing.
Performance testing
Testing how well an application complies to
performance requirements.
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Install/uninstall testing
Testing of full,partial or upgrade
install/uninstall process.
Recovery testing
Testing how well a system recovers from
crashes, HW failures or other problems.
Compatibility testing
Testing how well software performs in a
particular HW/SW/OS/NW environment.
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Exploratory testing / ad-hoc testing
Informal SW test that is not based on formal test
plans or test cases; testers will be learning the
SW in totality as they test it.

Comparison testing
Comparing SW strengths and weakness to
competing products.
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Alpha testing
Testing done when development is nearing
completion; minor design changes may still
be made as a result of such testing.

Beta-testing
Testing when development and testing are
essentially completed and final bugs and
problems need to be found before release.
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Mutation testing

To determining if a set of test data or test cases is
useful, by deliberately introducing various bugs.
Re-testing with the original test data/cases to
determine if the bugs are detected.
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White Box - testing technique
All independent paths within a module have been
exercised at least once

Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false
sides

Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their
operational bounds

Exercise internal data structures to ensure their
validity
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This white box technique focuses on the validity
of loop constructs.

4 different classes of loops can be defined
simple loops
nested loops
concatenated loops
Unstructured loops
Loop Testing
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Other White Box Techniques
Statement Coverage execute all statements at least once

Decision Coverage execute each decision direction at least
once

Condition Coverage execute each decision with all possible
outcomes at least once

Decision / Condition coverage execute all possible
combinations of condition outcomes in
each decision.

Multiple condition Coverage Invokes each point of entry at
least once.

Examples
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Statement Coverage Examples

Eg. A + B

If (A = 3) Then
B = X + Y
End-If

While (A > 0) Do
Read (X)
A = A - 1
End-While-Do
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Decision Coverage - Example
If A < 10 or A > 20 Then
B = X + Y

Condition Coverage Example
A = X
If (A > 3) or (A < B) Then
B = X + Y
End-If-Then

While (A > 0) and (Not EOF) Do
Read (X)
A = A - 1
End-While-Do
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Incremental Testing

A disciplined method of testing the interfaces
between unit-tested programs as well as
between system components.
Involves adding unit-testing program module
or component one by one, and testing each
result and combination.

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There are two types of incremental testing

Top-down testing form the top of the
module hierarchy and work down to the bottom.
Modules are added in descending hierarchical
order.

Bottom-up testing from the bottom of the
hierarchy and works up to the top. Modules are
added in ascending hierarchical order.

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Testing Levels/
Techniques
White
Box
Black
Box
Incre-
mental
Thread
Unit Testing
X
Integration
Testing
X X
X
System Testing
X
Acceptance
Testing
X
Major Testing Types
Stress / Load Testing
Performance Testing
Recovery Testing
Conversion Testing
Usability Testing
Configuration Testing
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Stress / Load Test

Evaluates a system or component at or beyond
the limits of its specified requirements.

Determines the load under which it fails and
how.
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Performance Test
Evaluate the compliance of a system or
component with specified performance
requirements.

Often performed using an automated test tool
to simulate large number of users.
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Recovery Test
Confirms that the system recovers from
expected or unexpected events without loss
of data or functionality.
Eg.
Shortage of disk space
Unexpected loss of communication
Power out conditions
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Conversion Test

Testing of code that is used to convert data
from existing systems for use in the newly
replaced systems
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Usability Test

Testing the system for the users
to learn and use the product.
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Configuration Test

Examines an application's requirements for pre-
existing software, initial states and
configuration in order to maintain proper
functionality.
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SOFTWARE TESTING LIFECYCLE -
PHASES

Requirements study

Test Case Design and
Development

Test Execution

Test Closure

Test Process Analysis
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Requirements study

Testing Cycle starts with the study of clients
requirements.

Understanding of the requirements is very
essential for testing the product.

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Analysis & Planning

Test objective and coverage
Overall schedule
Standards and Methodologies
Resources required, including necessary
training
Roles and responsibilities of the team
members
Tools used
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Test Case Design and Development

Component Identification
Test Specification Design
Test Specification Review

Test Execution

Code Review
Test execution and evaluation
Performance and simulation

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Test Closure

Test summary report
Project Documentation

Test Process Analysis

Analysis done on the reports and improving the
applications performance by implementing new
technology and additional features.
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TEST PLAN
Objectives
To create a set of testing tasks.
Assign resources to each testing task.
Estimate completion time for each testing task.
Document testing standards.
A document that describes the
scope
approach
resources
schedule
of intended test activities.
Identifies the
test items
features to be tested
testing tasks
task allotment
risks requiring contingency planning.
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Purpose of preparing a Test Plan

Validate the acceptability of a software product.

Help the people outside the test group to understand
why and how of product validation.

A Test Plan should be
thorough enough (Overall coverage of test to be
conducted)
useful and understandable by the people inside and
outside the test group.
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Scope
The areas to be tested by the QA team.
Specify the areas which are out of scope (screens,
database, mainframe processes etc).

Test Approach
Details on how the testing is to be performed.
Any specific strategy is to be followed for
testing (including configuration management).

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Entry Criteria
Various steps to be performed before the start of a
test i.e. Pre-requisites.
E.g.
Timely environment set up
Starting the web server/app server
Successful implementation of the latest build etc.
Resources
List of the people involved in the project and their
designation etc.

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Tasks/Responsibilities
Tasks to be performed and responsibilities
assigned to the various team members.

Exit Criteria
Contains tasks like
Bringing down the system / server
Restoring system to pre-test environment
Database refresh etc.

Schedule / Milestones
Deals with the final delivery date and the
various milestones dates.
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Hardware / Software Requirements
Details of PCs / servers required to install the
application or perform the testing
Specific software to get the application
running or to connect to the database etc.

Risks & Mitigation Plans
List out the possible risks during testing
Mitigation plans to implement incase the risk
actually turns into a reality.
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Tools to be used
List the testing tools or utilities
Eg.WinRunner, LoadRunner, Test Director,
Rational Robot, QTP.

Deliverables
Various deliverables due to the client at various
points of time i.e. Daily / weekly / start of the
project end of the project etc.
These include test plans, test procedures, test
metric, status reports, test scripts etc.
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References

Procedures
Templates (Client specific or otherwise)
Standards / Guidelines e.g. Qview
Project related documents (RSD, ADD,
FSD etc).

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Annexure
Links to documents which have been / will be
used in the course of testing
Eg. Templates used for reports, test cases etc.
Referenced documents can also be attached here.

Sign-off
Mutual agreement between the client and the QA
Team.
Both leads/managers signing their agreement on
the Test Plan.
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Good Test Plans

Developed and Reviewed early.
Clear, Complete and Specific
Specifies tangible deliverables that can be
inspected.
Staff knows what to expect and when to expect it.
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Good Test Plans
Realistic quality levels for goals
Includes time for planning
Can be monitored and updated
Includes user responsibilities
Based on past experience
Recognizes learning curves

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TEST CASES

Test case is defined as
A set of test inputs, execution conditions and
expected results, developed for a particular
objective.
Documentation specifying inputs, predicted
results and a set of execution conditions for a test
item.
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Specific inputs that will be tried and the
procedures that will be followed when the
software tested.

Sequence of one or more subtests executed as
a sequence as the outcome and/or final state of
one subtests is the input and/or initial state of
the next.

Specifies the pretest state of the AUT and its
environment, the test inputs or conditions.

The expected result specifies what the AUT
should produce from the test inputs.
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Good Test Plans

Developed and Reviewed early.
Clear, Complete and Specific
Specifies tangible deliverables that can be
inspected.
Staff knows what to expect and when to expect it.
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Good Test Plans
Realistic quality levels for goals
Includes time for planning
Can be monitored and updated
Includes user responsibilities
Based on past experience
Recognizes learning curves

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Test Cases
Contents

Test plan reference id
Test case
Test condition
Expected behavior

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Good Test Cases
Find Defects

Have high probability of finding a new defect.
Unambiguous tangible result that can be
inspected.
Repeatable and predictable.
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Good Test Cases
Traceable to requirements or design documents
Push systems to its limits
Execution and tracking can be automated
Do not mislead
Feasible
Defect Life Cycle
What is Defect?

A defect is a variance from a desired
product attribute.

Two categories of defects are
Variance from product specifications
Variance from Customer/User
expectations

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Variance from product specification

Product built varies from the product specified.

Variance from Customer/User specification

A specification by the user not in the built
product, but something not specified has been
included.

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Defect categories

Wrong

The specifications have been implemented
incorrectly.
Missing

A specified requirement is not in the built
product.
Extra
A requirement incorporated into the product
that was not specified.
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Defect Log

Defect ID number
Descriptive defect name and type
Source of defect test case or other source
Defect severity
Defect Priority
Defect status (e.g. New, open, fixed, closed,
reopen, reject)
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7. Date and time tracking for either the most
recent status change, or for each change in the
status.
8. Detailed description, including the steps
necessary to reproduce the defect.
9. Component or program where defect was found
10. Screen prints, logs, etc. that will aid the
developer in resolution process.
11. Stage of origination.
12. Person assigned to research and/or corrects the
defect.
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Severity Vs Priority
Severity
Factor that shows how bad the defect is and
the impact it has on the product
Priority
Based upon input from users regarding
which defects are most important to them,
and be fixed first.
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Severity Levels

Critical
Major / High
Average / Medium
Minor / low
Cosmetic defects
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Severity Level Critical

An installation process which does not load a
component.

A missing menu option.

Security permission required to access a function
under test.

Functionality does not permit for further testing.

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Runtime Errors like JavaScript errors etc.

Functionality Missed out / Incorrect
Implementation (Major Deviation from
Requirements).

Performance Issues (If specified by Client).

Browser incompatibility and Operating systems
incompatibility issues depending on the impact
of error.

Dead Links.
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Severity Level Major / High
Reboot the system.
The wrong field being updated.
An updated operation that fails to complete.
Performance Issues (If not specified by Client).
Mandatory Validations for Mandatory Fields.
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Functionality incorrectly implemented (Minor
Deviation from Requirements).
Images, Graphics missing which hinders
functionality.
Front End / Home Page Alignment issues.
Severity Level Average / Medium
Incorrect/missing hot key operation.


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Severity Level Minor / Low

Misspelled or ungrammatical text
Inappropriate or incorrect formatting (such as
text font, size, alignment, color, etc.)
Screen Layout Issues
Spelling Mistakes / Grammatical Mistakes
Documentation Errors
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Page Titles Missing
Alt Text for Images
Background Color for the Pages other than
Home page
Default Value missing for the fields required
Cursor Set Focus and Tab Flow on the Page
Images, Graphics missing, which does not,
hinders functionality

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Test Reports
8 INTERIM REPORTS

Functional Testing Status
Functions Working Timeline
Expected Vs Actual Defects Detected Timeline
Defects Detected Vs Corrected Gap Timeline
Average Age of Detected Defects by type
Defect Distribution
Relative Defect Distribution
Testing Action
Functional Testing Status Report

Report shows percentage of the
functions that are

Fully Tested
Tested with Open defects
Not Tested

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Functions Working Timeline

Report shows the actual plan to have all
functions verses the current status of the
functions working.

Line graph is an ideal format.

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Expected Vs. Actual Defects Detected
Analysis between the number of defects being
generated against the expected number of
defects expected from the planning stage.
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Defects Detected Vs. Corrected Gap
A line graph format that shows the

Number of defects uncovered verses the
number of defects being corrected and
accepted by the testing group.
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Average Age Detected Defects by Type
Average days of outstanding defects by its
severity type or level.

The planning stage provides the acceptable
open days by defect type.
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Defect Distribution
Shows defect distribution by function or module
and the number of tests completed.

Relative Defect Distribution

Normalize the level of defects with the
previous reports generated.
Normalizing over the number of functions or
lines of code shows a more accurate level of
defects.
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Testing Action

Report shows
Possible shortfalls in testing
Number of severity-1 defects
Priority of defects
Recurring defects
Tests behind schedule
.and other information that present an accurate
testing picture
METRICS
2 Types

Product metrics

Process metrics
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Process Metrics

Measures the characteristic of the

methods
techniques
tools

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Product Metrics

Measures the characteristic of the
documentation and code.

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Test Metrics

User Participation = User Participation test time
Vs. Total test time.

Path Tested = Number of path tested Vs. Total
number of paths.

Acceptance criteria tested = Acceptance criteria
verified Vs. Total acceptance criteria.

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Test cost = Test cost Vs. Total system cost.

Cost to locate defect = Test cost / No. of defects
located in the testing.

Detected production defect = No. of defects
detected in production / Application system size.

Test Automation = Cost of manual test effort /
Total test cost.
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CMM Level 1 Initial Level
The organization

Does not have an environment for developing
and maintaining software.

At the time of crises, projects usually stop
using all planned procedures and revert to coding
and testing.
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CMM Level 2 Repeatable level
Effective management process having
established which can be
Practiced
Documented
Enforced
Trained
Measured
Improvised
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CMM Level 3 Defined level

Standard defined software engineering and
management process for developing and
maintaining software.

These processes are put together to make a
coherent whole.
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CMM Level 4 Managed level
Quantitative goals set for both software products
and processes.

The organizational measurement plan involves
determining the productivity and quality for all
important software process activities across all
projects.
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CMM Level 5 Optimizing level
Emphasis laid on

Process improvement
Tools to identify weaknesses existing in their
processes
Make timely corrections
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TESTING STANDARDS
External Standards

Familiarity with and adoption of industry test
standards from organizations.

Internal Standards

Development and enforcement of the test
standards that testers must meet.
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IEEE STANDARDS

Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers designed an entire set of standards
for software and to be followed by the
testers.

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IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering
Terminology
IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Plan
IEEE Standard for Software Configuration
Management Plan
IEEE Standard for Software for Software Test
Documentation
IEEE Recommended Practice for Software
Requirement Specification
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IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing

IEEE Standard for Software Verification and
Validation

IEEE Standard for Software Reviews

IEEE Recommended practice for Software
Design descriptions

IEEE Standard Classification for Software
Anomalies
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IEEE Standard for Software Productivity
metrics

IEEE Standard for Software Project
Management plans

IEEE Standard for Software Management

IEEE Standard for Software Quality Metrics
Methodology
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Other standards..
ISO International Organization for Standards

Six Sigma Zero Defect Orientation

SPICE Software Process Improvement and
Capability Determination

NIST National Institute of Standards and
Technology