UCSD Physics 10

Work, Energy, Power, Momentum

Measures of Effort & Motion;
Conservation Laws
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 2
Work, defined
Work carries a specific meaning in physics
Simple form: work = force distance
W = F d
Work can be done by you, as well as on you
Are you the pusher or the pushee
Work is a measure of expended energy
Work makes you tired
Machines make work easy (ramps, levers, etc.)
Apply less force over larger distance for same work
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 3
Working at an advantage
Often were limited by the amount of force we can
apply.
Putting full weight into wrench is limited by your mg
Ramps, levers, pulleys, etc. all allow you to do the
same amount of work, but by applying a smaller
force over a larger distance

Work = Force Distance
= Force Distance
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 4
Ramps
Exert a smaller force over a larger distance to
achieve the same change in gravitational potential
energy (height raised)
M
Larger Force Small Force
Short Distance Long Distance
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 5
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy near the surface of
the Earth:



DW = mg Dh
m
m
Force Distance

Work =
Dh
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 6
Ramp Example
Ramp 10 m long and 1 m high
Push 100 kg all the way up ramp
Would require mg = 980 N (220 lb) of force to lift
directly (brute strength)
Work done is (980 N)(1 m) = 980 N m in direct lift


Extend over 10 m, and only 98 N (22 lb) is needed
Something we can actually provide
Excludes frictional forces/losses

1 m
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 7
Work Examples Worked Out
How much work does it take to lift a 30 kg
suitcase onto the table, 1 meter high?
W = (30 kg) (9.8 m/s
2
) (1 m) = 294 J
Unit of work (energy) is the N m, or Joule (J)
One Joule is 0.239 calories, or 0.000239 Calories (food)
Pushing a crate 10 m across a floor with a force of
250 N requires 2,500 J (2.5 kJ) of work
Gravity does 20 J of work on a 1 kg (10 N) book
that it has pulled off a 2 meter shelf

UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 8
Work is Exchange of Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work
Two main categories of energy
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
A moving baseball can do work
A falling anvil can do work
Potential Energy: Stored (latent) capacity to do work
Gravitational potential energy (perched on cliff)
Mechanical potential energy (like in compressed spring)
Chemical potential energy (stored in bonds)
Nuclear potential energy (in nuclear bonds)
Energy can be converted between types
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 9
Conversion of Energy
Falling object converts gravitational potential
energy into kinetic energy
Friction converts kinetic energy into vibrational
(thermal) energy
makes things hot (rub your hands together)
irretrievable energy
Doing work on something changes that objects
energy by amount of work done, transferring
energy from the agent doing the work

UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 10
Energy is Conserved!
The total energy (in all forms) in a closed system
remains constant
This is one of natures conservation laws
Conservation applies to:
Energy (includes mass via E = mc
2
)
Momentum
Angular Momentum
Electric Charge
Conservation laws are fundamental in physics, and stem
from symmetries in our space and time
Emmy Noether formulated this deep connection
cedar.evansville.edu/~ck6/bstud/noether.html
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 11
Energy Conservation Demonstrated
Roller coaster car lifted to initial height (energy in)
Converts gravitational potential energy to motion
Fastest at bottom of track
Re-converts kinetic energy back into potential as it
climbs the next hill
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 12
Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy for a mass in motion is
K.E. = mv
2

Example: 1 kg at 10 m/s has 50 J of kinetic energy
Ball dropped from rest at a height h (P.E. = mgh)
hits the ground with speed v. Expect mv
2
= mgh
h = gt
2

v = gt v
2
= g
2
t
2

mgh = mg(gt
2
) = mg
2
t
2
= mv
2
sure enough
Ball has converted its available gravitational potential
energy into kinetic energy: the energy of motion
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 13
Kinetic Energy, cont.
Kinetic energy is proportional to v
2

Watch out for fast things!
Damage to car in collision is proportional to v
2

Trauma to head from falling anvil is proportional to v
2
,
or to mgh (how high it started from)
Hurricane with 120 m.p.h. packs four times the punch
of gale with 60 m.p.h. winds


UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 14
Energy Conversion/Conservation Example
Drop 1 kg ball from 10 m
starts out with mgh = (1 kg)(9.8 m/s
2
)(10 m)
= 98 J of gravitational potential energy
halfway down (5 m from floor), has given up
half its potential energy (49 J) to kinetic energy
mv
2
= 49 J v
2
= 98 m
2
/s
2
v 10 m/s
at floor (0 m), all potential energy is given up to
kinetic energy
mv
2
= 98 J v
2
= 196 m
2
/s
2
v = 14 m/s
10 m
8 m
6 m
4 m
2 m
0 m
P.E. = 98 J
K.E. = 0 J
P.E. = 73.5 J
K.E. = 24.5 J
P.E. = 49 J
K.E. = 49 J
P.E. = 24.5 J
K.E. = 73.5 J
P.E. = 0 J
K.E. = 98 J
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 15
Loop-the-Loop
In the loop-the-loop (like in a roller coaster), the
velocity at the top of the loop must be enough to
keep the train on the track:
v
2
/r > g
Works out that train must start r higher than top
of loop to stay on track, ignoring frictional losses

r
r
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 16
Heat: Energy Lost?
Heat is a form of energy
really just randomized kinetic energy on micro scale
lattice vibrations in solids, faster motions in liquids/gases
Heat is a viable (and common) path for energy flow
Product of friction, many chemical, electrical processes
Hard to make heat energy do anything for you
Kinetic energy of hammer can drive nail
Potential energy in compressed spring can produce motion
Heat is too disordered to extract useful work, generally
notable exceptions: steam turbine found in most power plants
Solar core : heat is important in enabling thermo-nuclear fusion
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 17
Power
Power is simply energy exchanged
per unit time, or how fast you get
work done (Watts = Joules/sec)
One horsepower = 745 W
Perform 100 J of work in 1 s, and
call it 100 W
Run upstairs, raising your 70 kg
(700 N) mass 3 m (2,100 J) in 3
seconds 700 W output!
Shuttle puts out a few GW
(gigawatts, or 10
9
W) of power!
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 18
More Power Examples
Hydroelectric plant
Drops water 20 m, with flow rate of 2,000 m
3
/s
1 m
3
of water is 1,000 kg, or 9,800 N of weight (force)
Every second, drop 19,600,000 N down 20 m, giving
392,000,000 J/s 400 MW of power
Car on freeway: 30 m/s, A = 3 m
2
F
drag
1800 N
In each second, car goes 30 m W = 180030 = 54 kJ
So power = work per second is 54 kW (72 horsepower)
Bicycling up 10% (~6) slope at 5 m/s (11 m.p.h.)
raise your 80 kg self+bike 0.5 m every second
mgh = 809.80.5 400 J 400 W expended
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 19
Momentum
Often misused word, though most have the right idea
Momentum, denoted p, is mass times velocity
p = m v
Momentum is a conserved quantity (and a vector)
Often relevant in collisions (watch out for linebackers!)
News headline: Wad of Clay Hits Unsuspecting Sled
1 kg clay ball strikes 5 kg sled at 12 m/s and sticks
Momentum before collision: (1 kg)(12 m/s) + (5 kg)(0 m/s)
Momentum after = 12 kg m/s (6 kg) (2 m/s)
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 20
Collisions
Two types of collisions
Elastic: Energy not dissipated out of kinetic energy
Bouncy
Inelastic: Some energy dissipated to other forms
Sticky
Perfect elasticity unattainable (perpetual motion)
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 21
Elastic Collision: Billiard Balls
Whack stationary ball with identical ball moving at velocity v
cue

8
To conserve both energy and momentum, cue ball stops dead,
and 8-ball takes off with v
cue

Momentum conservation: mv
cue
= mv
cue, after
+ mv
8-ball

Energy conservation: mv
2
cue
= mv
2
cue, after
+ mv
2
8-ball

8 8
The only way v
0
= v
1
+ v
2
and v
2
0
= v
2
1
+ v
2
2
is if either v
1
or v
2
is 0.
Since cue ball cant move through 8-ball, cue ball gets stopped.
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 22
Desk Toy Physics
The same principle applies to the suspended-ball
desk toy, which eerily knows how many balls
you let go
Only way to simultaneously satisfy energy and
momentum conservation
Relies on balls to all have same mass
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 23
Inelastic Collision
Energy not conserved (absorbed into other paths)
Non-bouncy: hacky sack, velcro ball, ball of clay
Momentum before = m
1
v
initial

Momentum after = (m
1
+ m
2
)v
final
= m
1
v
initial
(because conserved)
Energy before = m
1
v
2
initial

Energy after = (m
1
+ m
2
)v
2
final
+ heat energy
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 24
Questions
Twin trouble-makers rig a pair of swings to hang
from the same hooks, facing each other. They get
friends to pull them back (the same distance from
the bottom of the swing) and let them go. When
they collide in the center, which way do they
swing (as a heap), if any? What if Fred was pulled
higher than George before release?
A 100 kg ogre clobbers a dainty 50 kg figure
skater while trying to learn to ice-skate. If the ogre
is moving at 6 m/s before the collision, at what
speed will the tangled pile be sliding afterwards?
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 25
Real-World Collisions
Is a superball elastic or inelastic?
It bounces, so its not completely inelastic
It doesnt return to original height after bounce, so
some energy must be lost
Superball often bounces 80% original height
Golf ball 65%
Tennis ball 55%
Baseball 30%
Depends also on surface, which can absorb some
of the balls energy
down comforter/mattress or thick mud would absorb
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 26
Superball Physics
During bounce, if force on/from floor is purely
vertical, expect constant horizontal velocity
constant velocity in absence of forces
like in picture to upper right
BUT, superballs often behave contrary to intuition
back-and-forth motion
boomerang effect
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 27
Angular Momentum
Another conserved quantity is angular momentum,
relating to rotational inertia:
Spinning wheel wants to keep on spinning,
stationary wheel wants to keep still (unless acted
upon by an external rotational force, or torque)
Newtons laws for linear (straight-line) motion
have direct analogs in rotational motion
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 28
Angular Momentum
Angular momentum is proportional to rotation
speed () times rotational inertia (I)
Rotational inertia characterized by (mass)(radius)
2

distribution in object

UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 29
Angular Momentum Conservation
Speed up rotation by
tucking in
Slow down rotation by
stretching out
Seen in diving all the time
Figure skaters demonstrate
impressively
Effect amplified by
moving large masses to
vastly different radii
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 30
Do cats violate physical law?
Cats can quickly flip
themselves to land on their
feet
If not rotating before,
where do they get their
angular momentum?
There are ways to
accomplish this, by a
combination of contortion
and varying rotational
inertia
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 31
For more on falling cats:
Websites:
www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/cats/html/body_falling.html
play quicktime movie
www.exploratorium.edu/skateboarding/trick_midair_ac
tivity.html
UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 32
Announcements/Assignments
Midterm review next week (Thu. evening?)
Exam Study Guide online by this weekend
Should have read Hewitt 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 assignments by
now
Read Hewitt chap. 8: pp. 125128, 138140, 143146
HW #3 due 4/25:
Hewitt 2.E.22, 2.E.29, 2.E.33, 3.E.27, 3.P.3, 3.P.4, 3.P.10, 4.E.1,
4.E.6, 4.E.10, 4.E.30, 4.E.44, 4.P.1, 5.E.17, 5.P.2, 7.R.(4&7)
(count as one), 7.R.16, 7.E.40, 7.P.2, 7.P.4
Next Question/Observation (#2) due Friday 4/25