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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri)

MRI makes use of the RF region of the electromagnetic spectra to provide an image. Started by Felix Block in 1946,who won the Nobel prize for MRI.

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341 views23 pages

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri)

MRI makes use of the RF region of the electromagnetic spectra to provide an image. Started by Felix Block in 1946,who won the Nobel prize for MRI.

Uploaded by

api-3757838
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAGNETIC RESONANCE

IMAGING(MRI)
MAGNETIC RESONANCE PHENOMENON

• MRI makes use of the RF region of the electromagnetic spectra to


provide an image.

• Started by Felix Block in 1946,who won the Nobel prize for MRI.

• Our body consists of millions of atoms of which 80% are hydrogen


atoms.

• Each H2 atom has a positively charged nucleus with only one


proton. It spins and has a nuclear magnetic moment with it.

• Normally this spinning of nuclei is random. But in the presence of


large magnetic field, its axis of rotation is parallel about the applied
field.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE PHENOMENON
• Radio waves,10,000 to 30,000 times stronger than the earth’s
•
magnetic field are sent from the scanner into the patient’s body.

• The radio waves knock the protons from their position.

• When the burst of radio waves stops, the protons go back into
position.

• They realign back to being in parallel with the magnetic field.

• As the protons realign, they emit tiny radio signals. This is called
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Signal.

• These signals are detected by a receiving device in the scanner.

• The receiving device transmits the signals to a computer.


MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

ADVANTAGES:

• Superior contrast resolution

• Direct multiplanar imaging, slices in the sagittal, coronal and oblique


directions can be obtained directly.

• There is a total absence of harmful radiations like X-rays,gamma


rays, positrons etc. hence making it as a noninvasive imaging
technique.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

• MRI is the representation of the spatial distribution of the NMR


signal intensity and it is placed deliberately non-uniform magnetic
field.

• The purpose is to place different parts of the specimen with different


field strengths which represent different frequencies to be displayed.

• It also provides additional diagnostic insights through relaxation


parameters, which are not possible from other imaging methods.
MAGNETIC RELAXATION AND MRI
PARAMETERS

Three principal MRI parameters are

• SPIN DENSITY
• SPIN-LATTICE(LONGITUDINAL) RELAXATION TIME,T1
• SPIN-SPIN OR TRANSVERSE RELAXATION TIME,T2
1.SPIN DENSITY
• One of the most important aspect of MRI is that the signal is
proportional to the number of nuclei present.

• In case of imaging, it is found that hydrogen is very tightly bound


and creates no usable signal. Hence the signal should be arising
from mobile hydrogen's, those nuclei which are loosely bound.

• Example, is the bone which appears black because there are no


protons and hence no detectable signal.

• So, the measure of the concentration of mobile hydrogen nuclei


available to produce an NMR signal is called Spin Density.

• Higher the concentration of mobile hydrogen nuclei, stronger will be


NMR signal and thus a better image.
T1 and T2 at a field strength of 1 tesla for various
tissues with the relative values of mobile hydrogen
2.SPIN-LATTICE(LONGITUDINAL)
RELAXATION TIME

• The nuclei are disturbed from equilibrium by a process called


Relaxation.

• The 90 degree RF pulse rotates the net magnetization Mz with the


corresponding Mxy.

• MD is the relaxation time describes the rate at which Mz returns to


the equilibrium and it happens due to the excited nuclei transferring
their energy to the surrounding called spin-lattice.

• The recovery of magnetization is given by


Mz(t) = N(H)[1-exp(-t/T1)
2.SPIN-LATTICE(LONGITUDINAL)
RELAXATION TIME

• N(H) – Hydrogen density.


• t – Time elapsed from the start of free induction decay.

• The constant repetition time (tr) establishes a steady state


magnetization, and hence shown in the XY plane as
Mxy = N(H)[1-exp(-t/T1)
2.SPIN-LATTICE(LONGITUDINAL)
RELAXATION TIME
3.SPIN-SPIN OR TRANSVERSE
RELAXATION TIME

• T2 represents the time constant associated with the loss of


magnetization Mxy in the XY plane.

• There is loss of energy because of interaction of nuclei.T2 is much


shorter and occurs due to inhomogenities in the magnetic field.

• The relaxation of peak height of the spin echo at time te to the peak
height is
Mxy(te) = Mxy(0)exp[-t/T2]
• The measurements of the relaxation times employs different pulse
sequences. It is the set of instructions to the magnet telling how to
make an image.
3.SPIN-SPIN OR TRANSVERSE
RELAXATION TIME
IMAGING PROCESS

• The NMR signal produced through the use of pulse sequences


cannot be directly translated into an image.

• It is necessary to convert from a frequency representation to a


location representation.

• A digital computer performs these conversations. In the magnetic


field gradient the NMR signal yields 1-D distribution.

• Of the two techniques, Projection Reconstruction Imaging and 2-D


Fourier Transforms imaging, the latter is preferable because of the
fast computational facility.
2D-FT METHOD

• It samples one line at a time in only one direction of the frequency


representation.

• The direction of sampling is determined by the direction of the


phase-encoding gradient while information along the line by the
frequency encoding gradient.

• After the sampling of the entire frequency representation by


repeated cycles of the 2D FT process, it is finally converted into an
image in the computer by using the 2D Fourier transforms.
MRI SCAN OF THE BRAIN
MRI SCAN OF THE SPINAL CORD
MRI SCAN OF THE EXTERNAL EAR
MRI INSTRUMENTATION
MRI INSTRUMENTATION-
CONSTRUCTION
• There is a super conducting magnet which provides a strong
uniform, steady and very high magnetic fields.

• Hence the Signal to Noise ratio of the received signals and image
quality are better than the conventional magnets.

• The patient is kept in the Gradient field systems which produce time
varying, controlled spatial non-uniform magnetic fields.

• There is also the transmitter and receiver R.F coils, each of which
placed on either side of the patient.
MRI INSTRUMENTATION - OPERATION

• There is a superposition of a linear magnetic field gradient on to the


uniform magnetic field applied to the patient.

• When this superposition takes place, the resonance frequencies of


the moving nuclei will depend primarily on the positions along the
direction of the magnetic field gradient.

• It produces a 1D projection, by taking a series of projections at


different orientations using the X,Y and Z gradient coils 2D or 3D
dimensional images can be obtained.

• The transmitter produced RF pulses and the NMR signal is picked


by receiver for signal processing. By 2D-FT this image is
constructed and displayed.
RECENT TRENDS

• The future of MRI and MRS looks promising in the field of medicine.

• Multinuclear applications will be forthcoming with improvements in


field strength & sensitivity,3D and 4D extensions.

• Combination of the above techniques opens entirely new


approaches in wide variety of medical problems.

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