Tutorial 1

June 4 2013
Properties
Section Classification

EXAMPLE 1
Determine the shape factor for the I-section :
610 x 229 x 125 UB S 275
Section properties can be readily obtained from
tables for Universal beams (refer tables)
W
el,yy
= 3220 cm
3
W
pl,yy
= 3680 cm
3

Shape factor = W
pl,yy
/ W
el,yy
= 3680/3220= 1.143
The value of shape factor for most I sections is
about 1.15
SECTIONS CLASSIFICATION
Classification of Steel Cross Sections is Based on :
Eurocode 1993- 1-1 : Table 3.1 , Clause 5.5 and Table 5.2
EXAMPLE 2
A rectangular section shown.
Assume f
y
=275 N/mm
2
. Find the following:
20 mm
150 mm
Elastic section modulus
W
el
= bd
2
/6 = 20 x 150
2
/6 =75000mm
3

Elastic Moment capacity
Me = W
el
x f
y
= 75000 x 275 =20625000Nmm = 20.6kNm

Plastic section modulus
W
pl
= bd
2
/4 =112500mm
3

Plastic Moment capacity
Mp = W
pl
x f
y
= 112500 x 275 = 30937500 Nmm
= 30.94kNm.

Shape factor for section
Shape factor = W
pl
/ W
el
= 112500/75000=1.5
EXAMPLE 3
Section 610 x 229 x 125 UB S 275 subject to pure bending
Section properties can be taken from published tables
tf=19.6 mm tw = 11.9 mm B=229 mm r=12.7 mm
Table 3.1 : since tw=11.9 mm f
yw
=275 N/mm
2
Since tf =19.6 mm f
yf
= 275 N/mm
2
Therefore f
y
is taken as 275 N/mm
2
; the lower value







c = 229/2 11.9/2 12.7= 95.85
c/tf=95.85/19.6=4.89 d/tw = 46.0

Since the section is symmetrical about the major axis i.e the axis of
bending and consequently the neutral axis is at mid-height

92 . 0
275
235
f
235
5 . 0
5 . 0
y
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e=
For flange;
For web; =0.92

Outstand
compression
element
Actual
c/tf = 4.89
=0.92
Limits
9=9x0.92=8.28
10=10x0.92=9.2
14=14x0.92=12.88
Flange
outstand is
plastic or
class 1
Web
Since pure
bending;
neutral axis is
at mid depth
Actual
d/tw =46
=0.92

Limits
72=72x0.92=66.24
83=83x0.92=76.36
124=124x0.92=114.1

Since
d/t<66.24;
web is
plastic
Outstand
tension
element
Tension
element
has no
buckling
The cross section is plastic since all elements are
plastic
Note: if one element is having a different classification;
then the section will take the lower one
Example: if flange is compact and web plastic ; then
section will be compact
Example: if flange is semi-compact and web plastic;
then section is semi-compact
EXAMPLE 4
Section 610x229x125 UB S275 under pure compression load of
3200 kN
Section Properties:
Take from tables

Design strength Py:
t
w
=11.9 mm therefore f
yw
=275 N/mm
2
using table 3.1
t
f
=19.6 mm Therefore f
yf
=275 N/mm
2
using table 3.1

Classifying flange




92 . 0
275
235
f
235
5 . 0
5 . 0
yf
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= c
c/t
f
= 4.89
Since B/T<8.28 the flange is classified as plastic
Plastic Semi-compact Compact
9 10 14
9x0.92=8.28 9.2 12.88
Classifying the web





The limiting value of d/t is 33, 38 and 42
Actual d/t=46.0 Therefore the web is Slender


The section takes the lowest classification for flange and
web
So the section is slender




92 . 0
275
235
f
235
5 . 0
5 . 0
yw
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= c
EXAMPLE 5
Double angle strut composed of two 100 x 75 x 10 S 355 angles
connected to gusset plates by the long legs back to back and
subject to axial compression
1
0
0

m
m

b
75 mm
Connected leg
Outstand leg
d
t , thickness
See figure 5.2 sheet 3 of the code
Dimensions and Properties of the section are available
B=75 mm; d = 100 mm; t=10 mm
b/t=75/10=7.5; d/t=100/10=10; (b+d)/10=17.5
Table 9: Since t=10 mm (< 40 mm) therefore p
y
=355 N/mm
2








Table 5.2(sheet 3of3): For double angles with components separated under
axial compression :Class 1 and 2 are not applicable; For class 3 three
criteria must be satisfied to comply with a semi-compact classification
namely d/t<15 ; b/t<15 ; and (b+d)/2t<11.5

81 . 0
355
235
f
235
5 . 0
5 . 0
y
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e=
Outstand b/t=7.5 Limit values
15 =15x0.81=12.15
satisfied
Connected leg d/t=10 Limit values
15 =15x0.81=12.15
satisfied
Combined (b+d)/2t=8.75 Limit value
11.5=11.5x0.81=9.315

satisfied
Since all three criteria are satisfied; section is class 3
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the classification for section 356 x 127 UB 33 Grade 275
subject bending
Wpl,yy = 539.8 cm
3
; I
yy
= 8200 cm
4
; B = 125.4 mm ; D = 348.5 mm ;
t = 5.9 mm ; T = 8.5mm ; r = 10.2 mm (figure next slide)
Table 5.2 is to be used.
92 . 0
275
235
f
235
5 . 0
5 . 0
y
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e=
Compression
Flange
Actual
b/T= 5.82
Limits : 9, 10 & 14


9x0.92=8.28
Flange
is plastic

Web: subject
to bending
d/t =
52.7<80

Limits :72, 83 & 124

72x0.92=66.24
Web
is plastic

Flange: c/t={(125.4/2-5.9/2-10.2)/8.5} =5.82
Web: d/t = 311.1/5.9 =52.7<80note d=D-2T-2
Since all elements are plastic, the section is also plastic
EXAMPLE 7
Determine the classification for the welded section of steel
grade 355 used as compression member, shown below
400
T=10mm
D=420
t=10
Flange classification:
81 . 0
355
235
= = c
9 . 18
10
6 2 / 10 200 2 / 2 /
=

=

T
s t B
w
Limits are 9, 10 and 14 for welded sections
(same as for rolled sections)
Since 14 <18.9 the flange is slender.
Web classification: assuming weld size as 6 mm
d/t = (420 20 2x6)/10 = 38.8


Limit for web under compression are 33, 38 and 42
Checking 42 = 42 x 0.81 = 34.02
Therefore web is slender. The section is slender.
EXAMPLE 8
Classify a hot rolled circular section 273.0 x 6.3 CHS S275 subject to
compression due to bending.
CHS =circular hollow section
6.3 mm
273 mm
D/t = 273/6.3 = 43.33
Table 3.1: since t = 6.3 mm ; fy = 275 N/mm
2

92 . 0
275
235
f
235
5 . 0
5 . 0
y
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e= Therefore:
EN 1993 1-1 Table 5.2: The limiting values of D/t
Limiting
value
Actual D/t
Class 1
Plastic
50
2
50x0.92
2
= 42.32 43.33
Class 2
Compact
70
2
70x0.92
2
= 59.25
Class 3
Semi
compact
90
2
140x0.92
2
=118.496
Since 42.32 < actual D/t < 59.25; the section is
classified as compact
EXAMPLE 9

The figure below shows a hot formed rectangular hollow section.
500mm
300 mm
The properties of the section are:
t=10 mm,
A = 155 cm
2
,
d/t = 47.0,
b/t = 27.
Determine the following:
A - Classification for section under flexure
ANSWER: Assuming S275 steel
92 . 0
275
235
f
235
5 . 0
5 . 0
y
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e=
FLANGE:
c/tf={300- 2x10}/10=28 Compression flange /internal element :
choose part subject to compression whose limit for plastic section is
33=33 x0.92=30.36.flange is plasticuse table 5.2
Also -d/t=80x 1 47 =33 ..since. b/T<33 OK
WEB:
c/t=47 or {500 2x10)}/10=48choose part subject to
bending.since flexure condition.limit is 72= 72 x 0.92=66.24
therefore the web is plasticusing Table 5.2
Since flange and web are plastic.whole section is plastic.
STEP 1
Assuming S275 steel
Thickness of flange = 10 mm < 40 mm.f
yf
= 275 N/mm2
Thickness of web = 10mm < 40mm.f
yw
=275 N/mm2

STEP 2
= (235/275)
0.5
= 0.92

STEP 3
Flange aspect ratio , b/T = 27
Compression flange /internal element : choose part subject to
compression whose limit for plastic section is
33=33 x0.92=30.36.flange is plasticuse table 5.2


B- The axial compressive load below which the section is non-slender
Web aspect ratio , d/t = 47
For web in compression, the limiting value
of d/t is 33, 38 and 42
Actual d/t=47.0 Therefore the web is
Slender.
The section takes the lowest classification
for flange and web
So the section is slender.