Module 4:

Joining Data from Multiple

Tables

Module 4: Joining Data from Multiple Tables
Querying Multiple Tables by Using Joins
Applying Joins for Typical Reporting Needs
Combining and Limiting Result Sets
Lesson 1: Querying Multiple Tables by Using
Joins
Fundamentals of Joins
Categorizing Statements by Types of Joins
Joining Data Using Inner Joins
Joining Data Using Outer Joins
Joining Data Using Cross Joins
Identifying the Potential Impact of a Cartesian Product
Fundamentals of Joins
Select Specific Columns from Multiple Tables
JOIN keyword specifies that tables are joined and how
to join them
ON keyword specifies join condition
FROM first_table join_type second_table
[ON (join_condition)]
Joins:
Simplified JOIN Syntax:
Query Two or More Tables to Produce a Result Set
Use Primary and Foreign Keys as join conditions
Use columns common to specified tables to join tables
Categorizing Statements by Types of Joins
Inner Join
Includes equi-joins and natural joins
Use comparison operators to match rows
Outer Join
Includes left, right, or full outer joins
Cross Join
Also called Cartesian products
Self Join
Refers to any join used to join a table to itself
Joining Data Using Inner Joins
SELECT e.LoginID
FROM HumanResources.Employee AS e
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson AS s
ON e.BusinessEntityID = s.BusinessEntityID
LoginID
-------------------------
adventure-works\syed0
adventure-works\david8
adventure-works\garrett1
...
(17 row(s) affected)
An inner join is a join in which the values in the columns
being joined are compared using a comparison operator
Result Set:
Example:
Joining Data Using Outer Joins
SELECT p.Name, pr.ProductReviewID
FROM Production.Product p
LEFT OUTER JOIN
Production.ProductReview pr
ON p.ProductID = pr.ProductID
Outer Joins return all rows from at least one of the tables
or views mentioned in the FROM clause
Name ProductReviewID
----------------------------------
Adjustable Race NULL
Bearing Ball NULL
...
(505 row(s) affected)
Example:
Result Set:
Joining Data Using Cross Joins
SELECT p.BusinessEntityID, t.Name AS Territory
FROM Sales.SalesPerson p
CROSS JOIN Sales.SalesTerritory t
ORDER BY p.BusinessEntityID
In a Cross Join, each row from the left table is combined
with all rows from the right table
BusinessEntityID Territory
----------------------------
274 Northwest
274 Northeast
...
(170 row(s) affected)
Example:
Result Set:
Use CROSS JOINs with caution if you do not need a true
Cartesian Product
Identifying the Potential Impact of a Cartesian
Product
Is defined as all possible combinations of rows in all
tables
A Cartesian Product:
Results in a rowset containing the number of rows in
the first table times the number of rows in the second
Can result in huge result sets that take several hours
to complete!



Demonstration: Querying a Table Using Joins
In this demonstration, you will see how to:
Query the Table Using an Inner Join
Query the Table Using an Outer Join
Query the Table Using a Cross Join
Lesson 2: Applying Joins for Typical Reporting
Needs
Joining Three or More Tables
Joining a Table to Itself
Joining Tables by Using Non-Equi Joins
Joining Tables in a User-Defined Function
Joining Three or More Tables
SELECT p.Name, v.Name
FROM Production.Product p
JOIN Purchasing.ProductVendor pv
ON p.ProductID = pv.ProductID
JOIN Purchasing.Vendor v
ON pv.BusinesEntityID = v.BusinessEntityID
WHERE ProductSubcategoryID = 15
ORDER BY v.Name
Example:
FROM clauses can contain multiple Join specifications
which allows many tables to be joined in a single Query
Name Name
-----------------------------------------------
LL Mountain Seat/Saddle Chicago City Saddles
ML Mountain Seat/Saddle Chicago City Saddles
...
(18 row(s) affected)
Result Set:
Joining a Table to Itself
SELECT DISTINCT pv1.ProductID, pv1.BusinessEntityID
FROM Purchasing.ProductVendor pv1
INNER JOIN Purchasing.ProductVendor pv2
ON pv1.ProductID = pv2.ProductID
AND pv1.BusinessEntityID <> pv2.BusinessEntityID
ORDER BY pv1.ProductID
A Table can be Joined to itself by using a Self-Join
ProductID BusinessEntityID
------------------------------
317 1578
317 1678
...
(347 row(s) affected)
Result Set:
Example:
Joining Tables by Using Non-Equi Joins
SELECT DISTINCT p1.ProductSubcategoryID, p1.ListPrice
FROM Production.Product p1
INNER JOIN Production.Product p2
ON p1.ProductSubcateogoryID = p2.ProductSubcategoryID
AND p1.ListPrice <> p2.ListPrice
WHERE p1.ListPrice < $15 AND p2.ListPrice < $15
ORDER BY ProductSubcategoryID
The same Operators and Predicates used for Inner Joins
can be used for Not-Equal Joins
Example:
ProductSubcateogoryID ListPrice
-----------------------------------
23 8.99
23 9.50
...
(8 row(s) affected)
Result Set:
SELECT * FROM Sales.ufn_SalesByStore (29825)
Joining Tables in a User-Defined Function
CREATE FUNCTION Sales.ufn_SalesByStore (@storeid int)
RETURNS TABLE AS RETURN
( SELECT P.ProductID, P.Name, SUM(SD.LineTotal)
AS 'YTD Total FROM Production.Product AS P
JOIN Sales.SalesOrderDetail AS SD ON
SD.ProductID = P.ProductID
JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader AS SH ON
SH.SalesOrderID = SD.SalesOrderID
WHERE SH.CustomerID = @storeid
GROUP BY P.ProductID, P.Name );
User-defined functions can be used to focus, simplify, and
customize the perception each user has of the database
Product ID Name YTD Total
------------------------------------------------
707 Sport-100 Helmet, Red 620.250910
708 Sport-100 Helmet, Black 657.636610
Example:
Result Set:
Demonstration: Joining Tables
In this demonstration, you will see how to:
Join Three or More Tables
Join a Table to Itself
Join a Table using a Non-Equi Join
Lesson 3: Combining and Limiting Result Sets
Combining Result Sets by Using the UNION Operator
Limiting Result Sets by Using the EXCEPT and INTERSECT
Operators
Identifying the Order of Precedence of UNION, EXCEPT,
and INTERSECT
Limiting Result Sets by Using the TOP and TABLESAMPLE
Operators
Categorizing Statements that Limit Result Sets
Combining Result Sets by Using the UNION
Operator
SELECT * FROM testa
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM testb;
The number and order of columns must be the same
in all queries and all data types must be compatible
UNION combines the results of two or more queries into a
single result set that includes all the rows that belong to
all queries in the union
Example:
columna columnb
------------------
100 test
100 test
...
(8 row(s) affected)
Result Set:
Limiting Result Sets by Using the EXCEPT and
INTERSECT Operators
SELECT ProductID
FROM Production.Product
EXCEPT
SELECT ProductID
FROM Production.WorkOrder
SELECT ProductID
FROM Production.Product
INTERSECT
SELECT ProductID
FROM Production.WorkOrder
EXCEPT returns any distinct values from the query to the left of the
EXCEPT operand that are not also returned from the right query
INTERSECT returns any distinct values that are returned by both
the query on the left and right sides of the INTERSECT operand
ProductID
------------------
429
...
(266 row(s) affected)
ProductID
------------------
3
...
(238 row(s) affected)
EXCEPT Example:
INTERSECT Example:
Result Sets
Identifying the Order of Precedence of UNION,
EXCEPT, and INTERSECT
EXCEPT, INTERSECT, and UNION are evaluated in the context of
the following precedence:
Expressions in parentheses
1
The INTERSECT operand
2
EXCEPT and UNION evaluated from Left to Right based on
their position in the expression
3
Limiting Result Sets by Using the TOP and
TABLESAMPLE Operators
TOP and TABLESAMPLE limit the number of rows
returned in a result set
SELECT TOP (15)
FirstName, LastName
FROM Person.Person
SELECT
FirstName, LastName
FROM Person.Person
TABLESAMPLE (1 PERCENT)
FirstName LastName
--------------------
Syed Abbas
Catherine Abel
...
(15 row(s) affected)
FirstName LastName
--------------------
Eduardo Barnes
Edward Barnes
...
(199 row(s) affected)
TOP Example:
TABLESAMPLE Example:
Result Sets
Categorizing Statements That Limit Result Sets
UNION
Combines the results of two or more SELECT statements into a
single result set
EXCEPT and INTERSECT
Compares the results of two or more SELECT statements and
return distinct values
TOP
Specifies that only the first set of rows will be returned from
the query result
TABLESAMPLE
Limits the number of rows returned from a table in the FROM
clause to a sample number or PERCENT of rows
Demonstration: Combining and Limiting Result
Sets
In this demonstration, you will see how to:
Combine Result Sets
Limit Result Sets using TABLESAMPLE
Limit Result Sets using TOP
Lab: Joining Data from Multiple Tables
Exercise 1: Querying Multiple Tables by Using Joins
Exercise 2: Applying Joins for Typical Reporting Needs
Exercise 3: Combining and Limiting Result Sets
Logon information
Virtual machine NY-SQL-01
User name Administrator
Password
Pa$$w0rd
Estimated time: 60 minutes
Lab Scenario
You are a database developer at Adventure Works. You have
been asked by the various managers to prepare several reports
for use in the quarterly financial statements being produced by
the company. To create these reports you will use several
different joins and join operators.
Lab Review
What results did the Inner Join in Exercise 1 return?
What results did the Left Outer Join and Right Outer Join
in Exercise 1 return?
Why was the ProductVendor table given two different table
aliases in the FROM clause of Exercise 2?
What would happen if we added an ORDER BY clause to
the TOP select statement in Exercise 3?
Module Review and Takeaways
Review Questions
Best Practices