Footings

1
Acknowledgement
This Powerpoint presentation was
prepared by Dr. Terry Weigel,
University of Louisville. This work
and other contributions to the text
by Dr. Weigel are gratefully
acknowledged.
2
Footings
3
Design for load transfer to soil uses
unfactored loads
Support structural members and transfer
loads to the soil
Structural members are usually columns or
walls
Structural design of footing is done with
factored loads
Footings
4
Typically, bottom of footing must be located
below frost line
Footings must be designed to prevent bearing
failure, sliding and overturning
Footings must be designed to prevent
excessive settlement or tilting
Excavation may be required to reach a depth
where satisfactory bearing material is
located
Wall Footing
5
Wall footings enlargement of the bottom of
the wall
Isolated Square Footing
6
Isolated or single column square footing
loads relatively light and columns not
closely spaced
Combined Footing
7
Combined footings support two or more
columns heavily loaded columns; closely
spaced columns; columns near property line
Mat Footing
8
Mat or raft foundation continuous concrete
slab supporting many columns; soil strength
relatively low; large column loads; isolated
spread footings would cover more than 50
percent of area; reduce differential
settlement
Pile Cap
9
Pile caps distribute column loads to groups
of piles
Soil Pressure
10
Soil pressure is assumed to be uniformly
distributed beneath footing if column load
is applied at the center of gravity of the
footing
Footings supported by sandy soils
Footings supported by clayey soils
Footings supported eccentric loads
Assumed Soil Pressure
11
Soil Pressure - Sandy Soil
12
Soil Pressure - Clayey Soil
13
Allowable Soil Pressure
14
Actual soil pressure is based on unfactored
loads
Allowable soil pressure may be determined by
a geotechnical engineer
When soil exploration is not feasible, values
provided by building codes may be used
Factor of safety is typically 3
Allowable Soil Pressure (Table 12.1)
15
Maximum Allowable Soil Pressure
Material Allowable Pressure, ksf
Rock 20% of ultimate
strength
Compact coarse or fine sand, hard
clay or sand clay
8
Medium stiff clay or sandy clay 6
Compact inorganic sand and silt
mixtures
4
Loose sand 3
Soft sand clay or clay 2
Loose inorganic sand-silt mixtures 1
Loose organic sand-silt mixtures,
muck or bay mud
0
Design of Wall Footings
16
Generally, beam design theory is used
Shear strength almost always controls
footing depth
Compute moment at the face of the wall
(concrete wall) or halfway between wall
face and its centerline (masonry walls)
Design of Wall Footings
17
Design of Wall Footings
18
Design of Wall Footings
19
Design of Wall Footings
20
Design of Wall Footings
21
Shear may be calculated at distance d from
face of the wall
Use of stirrups is not economical set d so
that concrete carries all the shear
'
'
2
2
c c w
u
c w
V f b d
V
d
f b
| |
|
=
=
Design of Wall Footings
22
Design a 12-in wide strip
Section 15.7 of ACI Code:
Depth of footing above bottom
reinforcement not less than 6 in
for footings on soil and not less
than 12 in for footings on piles
Minimum practical depth of footing is 10 in
and 16 in for pile caps
Wall Footing Design
Examples
23
Example 12.1
24
Design a wall footing to support a 12-in. wide
reinforced concrete wall with a dead load
of 20 k/ft and a live load of 15 k/ft. The
bottom of the footing is to be 4 foot
below final grade, the soil weighs 100
lb/ft
3
the allowable soil pressure is 4 ksf.
The concrete strength is 3,000 psi and the
steel is Grade 60.
Example 12.1
25
Example 12.1
26
Assume a footing thickness of 12 in. With a
minimum cover of 3 in., this gives a d value
of about 8.5 in. Compute the footing
weight and
soil weight:
( )
( )
Footing weight
12 in
150 150 psf
12 in/ft
Soil weight
36 in
100 300 psf
12 in/ft
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
Example 12.1
27
Effective soil pressure and required width of
footing:
4000 psf 150 psf 300 psf 3550 psf
Width of footing required
20 k/ft 15 k/ft
9.86 ft
3.55 ksf
Use 10 ft
e
q = =
+
=
Example 12.1
28
Factored bearing pressure for design of
concrete:
( ) ( )
1.2 20 k/ft 1.6 15 k/ft
4.80 ksf
10 ft
u
q
+
= =
Example 12.1
29
Compute design shear (at distance d from
face of wall):
( )
( )
( )
10 ft 6 in 8.5 in
4.80 ksf 18.2 k
2 12 in/ft 12 in/ft
18, 200 lb
18.46 in
0.75(1.0) 2 3000 ksi 12 in
Much larger than orginal assumption
Try a thicker footing - say 20 in thick
16.5 in
u
V
d
d
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
~
Example 12.1
30
( )
( )
20 in
4000 psf 150 psf
12 in/ft
28 in
100 psf 3517 psf
12 in/ft
Width of footing required
20 k/ft 15 k/ft
9.95 ft
3.517 ksf
Use 10 ft
e
q
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
+
=
Example 12.1
31
( )
( )
( )
10 ft 6 in 16.5 in
4.80 ksf 15.0 k
2 12 in/ft 12 in/ft
15,000 lb
15.21 in
0.75 2 3000 ksi 12 in/ft
15.21 in 3.5 in 18.71 in
Use a 20 in thick footing
u
V
d
h
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
~ + =
Example 12.1
32
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2 2
10 ft 6 in
4.5 ft
2 12 in/ft
Compute moment on a one-foot-long strip
4.80 k/ft 4.5 ft
48.6 k-ft/ft
2 2
12 in/ft 48, 600 lb-ft/ft
198.3 psi
0.9 12 in 16.5 in
u
u
wL
M
M
bd |
=
= = =
= =
Example 12.1
33
Appendix Table 4.12, = 0.00345 < 0.0136,
section is tension controlled; | = 0.9
( )( )( )
2
in
0.00345 12 in 16.5 in 0.68
ft
s
A = =
Use No 7 at 10 in (A
s
= 0.72 in
2
/ ft from
Table A.6)
Example 12.1
34
Development length:
1
5 in side cover
0.875
c 3 3 3.4375 3.5
2 2
10 in
5 in one-half c-c spacing of bars
2
3.5 in 0
4.0 Use 2.5
0.875 in
t e s
b
b
b b
b
b tr
b
c
d
use c in
c
c K
d
= = = =
=
= + ~ + = =
= =
+ +
= =
Example 12.1
35
( )
( )( )
'
2
,
2
,
3
40
3 60,000 psi 1
32.86 diameters
40 2.5
3000 psi
0.68 in /ft
32.86 31.03 diameters
0.72 in /ft
31.03 0.875 in 27.15 in
y
d t e s
b tr
b
c
b
s required
d
b s provided
d
f
c K
d
f
d
A
d A

= =
+
=
| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
= =
Example 12.1
36
( )( )
10 ft 12 in/ft
6 in 3 in 51 in 27.15 in
2
= >
Available length for development
Example 12.1
37
( )( )( )
2
0.0018 12 in 20 in 0.432 in / ft
s
A = =
Temperature and shrinkage steel
Use No 5 at 8 in (A
s
= 0.465 in
2
/ ft)
Design of Isolated Square Footings
38
Most isolated square footings have a constant
thickness
For very thick footings, it may be economical
to step or taper footing
Two types of shear must be considered one-
way shear and two-way shear
Design of Isolated Square Footings
39
Constant thickness
Design of Isolated Square Footings
40
Stepped
Design of Isolated Square Footings
41
Tapered
One-way Shear
42
'
2
u
c w
V
d
f b |
=
Same as for wall footings
One-way Shear
43
Two-way Shear
44
ACI Code Section 11.11.1.2 states that critical
section is at a distance d/2 from face of
support
Two-way Shear
45
Two-way Shear
46
Two-way Shear
47
'
'
'
4
4
2
ratio of the length of the long side of the
column to the length of the short side of
the column bearing on the footing
2
c c o
c c o
c
c
s
c c o
o
V f b d
V f b d
d
V f b d
b

|
|
o

=
| |
= +
|
\ .

| |
= +
|
\ .
<- ACI Code Equation 11-33
<- ACI Code Equation 11-35
<- ACI Code Equation 11-34
Two-way Shear
48
o
s
= 40 for interior columns
o
s
= 30 for exterior columns
o
s
= 20 for corner columns
Flexural Design Isolated Square
Footings
49
Flexural reinforcement is required in two
directions
The values of d for the layers of steel in
the two directions will be different
For square footings, design using the value of
d for the upper layer is typical
For square footings supporting non-square
columns, moments are larger in the
shorter direction of the column
Flexural Design Isolated Square
Footings
50
Reinforcing steel areas required to resist
moment are often less than minimum
required steel:
Code Section 10.5.4 states that minimum
area and maximum spacing need only be
equal to values required for temperature
and shrinkage steel
,min
'
,min
200
3
s w
y
c
s w
y
A b d
f
f
A b d
f
=
=
Flexural Design Isolated Square
Footings
51
Maximum steel spacing may not exceed three
times the footing thickness or 18 in.
Load Transfer from Column to
Footing
52
All forces at the base of the column must be
transferred to the footing
Compressive forces must be transferred by
bearing
Tensile forces may be transferred by
reinforcement or mechanical connectors
Load Transfer from Column to
Footing
53
Columns transfer loads directly over the area
of the column
Load transfer into the footing may by
assumed to occur over an effective area
which may be larger than the column area
For the same strength of concrete, the
footing can support more bearing load
than can the column
Load Transfer from Column to
Footing
54
Bearing strength permitted at the base of
the column ->
Bearing strength permitted on the footing is
the same value multiplied by ->
See ACI Code Section 10.14.1
'
1
0.85
c
f A |
2
1
2
A
A
s
Definition of A
1
and A
2
55
A
2
is the area of footing geometrically similar
to and concentric with the column
A
1
is the area of the column
Column Dowels

56
Excess Bearing Load

57
Excess bearing load can be carried by dowels
or column bars extended into footing
ACI Code Section 15.8.2 requires that the
dowel area not be less than 0.005 times
the gross cross-sectional area of the
column
Development Length for Dowels

58
Development length of dowels must be
sufficient to transfer column force to
footing
Development length of dowels may not be less
than the length required if bearing stress
was not exceeded
Splice Length for Dowels

59
ACI Code does not permit splicing of No 14 or
No 18 bars
ACI Code Section 15.8.2.3 does permit No 14
or No 18 bars to be spliced to No 11 (or
larger) dowels in footings
These dowels must extend into the column
not less than the development length for
the No 14 or No 18 bar, or the
compression lap splice length for the
dowels, whichever is larger
Splice Length for Dowels

60
These dowels must extend into the footing
for a distance not less than the
development length for dowels
Insufficient Development or
Splice Length

61
Use a larger number of smaller dowels
Use a deeper footing
Add a cap or pedestal to the footing
Column Uplift

62
Development length must be those for
tension
Splice requirements are those found in ACI
Code Section 12.17
Isolated Rectangular Footings
63
Square footings are more econonical than
rectangular footings
Long direction steel is uniformly distributed
along short direction
Short direction steel is non uniformly
distributed along long direction
Isolated Rectangular Footings
64
ACI Code Section 15.4.4.2
Reinforcement in band width 2
Reinforcement in short direction 1

|
= =
+
| is the ratio of the length of the footing in
the long direction to the length in the
short direction
Remaining steel is distributed uniformly
throughout the two portions of the
footing outside the band
Isolated Rectangular Footings
65
Footing Design Examples
66
Example 12.2
67
Design a square column footing for a 16-in.
square tied interior column that supports
loads of D = 200 k and L = 160 k. The
column is reinforced with eight No 8 bars,
the bottom of the footing is 5 foot below
final grade, the soil weighs 100 lb/ft
3
the
allowable soil pressure is 5 ksf. The
concrete strength is 3,000 psi and the
steel is Grade 60.
Example 12.2
68
Assume a footing thickness of 24 in. with a
minimum cover of 3 in., this gives a d value
of about 19.5 in. Compute the footing
weight and
soil weight:
( )
( )
Footing weight
24 in
150 300 psf
12 in/ft
Soil weight
36 in
100 300 psf
12 in/ft
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
Example 12.2
69
Effective soil pressure and required area of
footing:
2
5000 psf 300 psf 300 psf 4400 psf
200 k 160 k
81.82 ft
4.40 ksf
Use 9 ft x 9 ft
e
q
A
= =
+
= =
Example 12.2
70
Factored bearing pressure for design of
concrete:
( ) ( )
2
1.2 200 k 1.6 160 k
6.12 ksf
81 ft
u
q
+
= =
Example 12.2
71
Depth required to resist punching shear:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
4(16 19.5) 142 in
81.0 ft 2.96 ft 6.12 442.09 k
442, 090 lb
18.95 in 19.5 in Ok
0.75 4 3000 psi 142 in
442, 090 lb
40 19.5 in
0.75 2 3000 psi 142 in
142 in
10.12 in 19.5 in Ok
o
u
b
V
d
d
= + =
= =
= = <
=

| |
+
|
\ .
= <
Example 12.2
72
Example 12.2
73
Depth required to resist one-way shear:
( )( )( )
( )
( )
1
9 ft 2.208 ft 6.12 ksf 121.62 k
121, 620 lb
13.71 in 19.5 in Ok
0.75 2 3000 psi 108 in
u
V
d
= =
= = <
Example 12.2
74
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2 2
6.12 ksf 9 ft 3.83 ft
404 k-ft
2 2
12 in/ft 404, 000 lb-ft
131.2 psi
0.9 108 in 19.5 in
u
u
wL
M
M
bd |
= = =
= =
Flexural design
Example 12.2
75
Appendix Table 4.12, = 0.00225 <
min

( )( )( )
2
200
0.0033
60, 000 psi
3 3000 psi
0.00274
60, 000 psi
0.0033 108 in 19.5 in 6.95 in
s
A

= =
= =
= =
Use nine No 8 (A
s
= 7.07 in
2
)
Example 12.2
76
Development length:
1
bottom cover 3.5 in
one-half center-to-center bar spacing 6 in
3.5 in 0
3.5 Use 2.5
1.0 in
t e s
b
b
b tr
b
c
c
c K
d
= = = =
= =
= =
+ +
= =
Example 12.2
77
( )
( )
'
2
,
2
,
3
40
3 60, 000 1
32.86 diameters
40 2.5
3000
6.95 in
32.86 32.30 diameters
7.07 in
32.30 1.0 in 32.30 in
y
d t e s
b tr
b
c
b
s required
d
b s provided
d
f
c K
d
f
d
A
d A

= =
+
=
| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
= =
Example 12.2
78
( )( )
9 ft 12 in/ft
16 in
3 in 43 in 32.30 in
2 2
= >
Available length for development
Example 12.3
79
Design for load transfer for the column and
footing in Example 12.2. The strength of
the sand-lightweight concrete (different
from Example 12.2) in the column is 4 ksi.
Example 12.3
80
Bearing force at the column base:
( ) ( )
1.2 200 k 1.6 160 k 496 k + =
Design bearing force at the column base:
( )
( )( )( )
2
'
1
0.85 0.65 0.85 4 ksi 16 in
566 k 496 k Ok
c
f A | =
= >
Example 12.3
81
Design bearing
force in the
footing
concrete:
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )
2
2
'
2
1
1
2
108 in
6.75 Use 2
16 in
0.85
0.65 0.85 3 ksi 16 in 2
848.6 k 496 k Ok
c
A
f A
A
|
=
=
= >
Minimum dowel area:
( )
2
2
0.005 16 in 1.28 in =
Example 12.3
82
( )( )
( )
'
0.02 0.02 0.75 in 60, 000 psi
16.74 in
0.85 4000 psi
b y
d
c
d f
f
= = =
Dowel development length into the column
( )( )
( )
'
0.02 0.02 0.75 in 60, 000 psi
16.43 in
1.0 3000 psi
b y
d
c
d f
f
= = =
Dowel development length into the footing
Example 12.3
83
( )( )
0.0003 0.0003 0.75 in 60, 000 ksi
13.50 in
8.0 in
d b y
d
d f = =
=
=
Development length must not be less than:
Example 12.4
84
Design for load transfer for a 14-in. square
column to a 13 ft square footing if P
u
=
800 k. Normal weight concrete is used in
both the column and the footing. The
concrete in the column is 5 ksi and in the
footing is 3 ksi. The column is reinforced
with eight No 8 bars.
Example 12.4
85
Bearing force at the column base = 800 k
Design bearing force at the column base:
( )
( )( )( )
2
'
1
0.85 0.65 0.85 5 ksi 14 in
541.5 k 800 k No good
c
f A | =
= <
Example 12.4
86
Design bearing force in the footing concrete:
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
'
2
1
1
2
156 in
11.14 Use 2
14 in
0.85
0.65 0.85 3 ksi 14 in 2
649.7 k 800 k No good
c
A
A
A
f A
A
|
= =
=
= <
Example 12.4
87
Design dowels to resist excess bearing force:
( )
( )
2
2
2
800 k 541.5 k 258.5 k
258.5 k
4.79 in
0.9 60 k
0.005 14 in 0.98 in
s
A
=
= =
=
Use eight No 7 bars (A
s
= 4.80 in
2
)
Example 12.4
88
( )( )
( )
( )( )
'
0.02 0.02 0.875 in 60, 000 psi
14.85 in
1 5000 psi
0.0003 0.0003 0.875 in 60, 000 ksi
15.75 in
8.0 in
b y
d
c
d b y
d
d f
f
d f

= = =
= =
=
=
Dowel development length into the column
Example 12.4
89
( )( )
( )
( )( )
'
0.02 0.02 0.875 in 60, 000 psi
19.42 in
1.0 3000 psi
0.0003 0.0003 0.875 in 60, 000 ksi
15.75 in
8.0 in
b y
d
c
d b y
d
d f
f
d f

= = =
= =
=
=
Dowel development length into the footing
Example 12.5
90
Design a rectangular footing for an 18-in.
interior square column for D = 185 k and
L = 150 k. The long side of the footing
should be twice the length of the short
side. The normal weight concrete
strength for both the column and the
footing is 4 ksi. The allowable soil
pressure is 4000 psf and the bottom of
the footing is 5 ft below grade.
Example 12.5
91
Assume a footing thickness of 24 in. with a
minimum cover of 3 in., this gives a d value
of about 19.5 in. Compute the footing
weight and
soil weight:
( )
( )
Footing weight
24 in
150 300 psf
12 in/ft
Soil weight
60-24 in
100 300 psf
12 in/ft
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
Example 12.5
92
Effective soil pressure and required area of
footing:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
4000 psf 300 psf 300 psf 3400 psf
185 k 150 k
98.5 ft
3.40 ksf
Use a footing 7'-0" x 14'-0" 98.0 ft
1.2 185 k 1.6 150 k
4.71 ksf
98.0 ft
e
u
q
A
A
q
= =
+
= =
=
+
= =
Example 12.5
93
Depth required to resist one-way shear. Take
b = 7 ft.
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
1
7 ft 4.625 ft 4.71 ksf 152.49 k
152, 490 lb
19.14 in
0.75 1 2 4000 psi 84 in
19.14 4.5 in 23.64 in
u
V
d
h
= =
= =
= + =
Example 12.5
94
Example 12.5
95
Depth required to resist punching shear:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
4 18 19.5 in 150 in
98.0 ft 3.125 ft 4.71 ksf 415.58 k
415, 580 lb
14.60 in 19.5 in Ok
0.75 1 4 4000 psi 150 in
415, 580 lb
40 19.5 in
0.75 2 4000 psi 150 in
150 in
8.11 in 19.5 in Ok
o
u
b
V
d
d
= + =
= =
= = <
=

| |
+
|
\ .
= <
Example 12.5
96
Example 12.5
97
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
14 ft 9 in
6.25 ft
2 12 in/ft
6.25 ft
6.25 ft 7 ft 4.71 ksf 643.9 k-ft
2
12 in/ft 643, 900 lb-ft
268.8 psi
0.9 84 in 19.5 in
u
u
M
M
bd |
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
Flexural design (steel in long direction)
Example 12.5
98
Appendix Table 4.13, = 0.00467
( )( )( )
2
0.00467 84 in 19.5 in 7.65 in
s
A = =
Use ten No 8 (A
s
= 7.85 in
2
)
Example 12.5
99
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
7 ft 9 in
2.75 ft
2 12 in/ft
2.75 ft
2.75 ft 14 ft 4.71 ksf 249.3 k-ft
2
12 in/ft 249, 300 lb-ft
52.0 psi
0.9 168 in 19.5 in
u
u
M
M
bd |
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
Flexural design (steel in short direction)
Too low for Table A.13
Example 12.5
100
( )( )( )
2
200
0.0033
60, 000 psi
3 4000 psi
0.00316
60, 000 psi
0.0033 168 in 19.5 in 10.81 in
s
A

= =
= =
= =
Use 18 No 7 (A
s
= 10.82 in
2
)
Example 12.5
101
Reinforcement in band width 2 2 2
Reinforcement in short direction 1 2 1 3 |
= = =
+ +
Use 2/3 x 18 = 12 bars in band width
Example 12.5
102